Analysis of P&G 2010 Annual Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of P&G 2010 Annual Report - Term Paper Example They were encouraged by their father-in-law to do a business together which they finally pursued and agreed to a joint venture after some years. Procter brought with him, his candle-making expertise while Gamble who was an experienced soap-maker offered his services. The company started off by selling candles and soap in the Ohio area. It became more of a family business when Procter’s eldest son went on to become the president of the corporation in 1890. Gamble’s eldest son, inducted the first ever laboratory in the company’s history giving it its first ever Ivory soap. As of 2010, the company is manufacturing and selling 81 different brands. They range from budget and household items for instance detergents and pampers to designer lines for instance Dolce and Gabbana and Burberry 5. As of 2009, the company garnered $79 billion in revenue. Of this $13 billion was in net earnings and this gave the company an earning margin of 14.3%. In 2008, the net revenues were 81.7 billion dollars. Procter and Gamble had also been in the news recently for their acquisition of Ambi Pur from the Sar Lee corporation for 320 million Euros. Procter and Gamble provides consumer packaged goods. Its products are sold in more than 180 countries through mass merchandisers, grocery stores, drug stores, high frequency stores, neighborhood stores and membership club stores. These stores different consumer in developing marketings. P & G conducts on-ground operations in approximately 80 countries. As of June 30, 2010, the company had three Global Business Units: Beauty and Grooming, Health and Well Being and Household care. 16% of its total revenue comes from sales to Wal-Mart. The company takes pride in focusing on strategies that they believe are right for the long-term health of the Company. They plan on increasing their organic sales from 1% to 2% faster than the market growth in categories in which they compete.

The first experiment Essay Example for Free

The first experiment Essay In the three experiments, we see how different objects fall. We should take note that the experiments are employed with the presence of air (and thus, air friction). In the first case, the quarter dollar coin is bigger and heavier than the penny; therefore, it will drop faster because its gravitational force is greater than that of the penny. Even if there is an air friction which is opposite the direction of gravity, it only has a minimal effect on the coins. In the second case, the crumpled paper falls faster than the uncrumpled one. This is because the presence of air friction acts greater with the uncrumpled paper as its surface is greater, hence creating a bigger space for air friction to occur. The crumpled paper, on the other hand, falls faster because of its compacted state. Its gravitational pull acts greater than the opposing air friction. Thirdly, the case of the coin dropped from the index card accounts for the coin to fall faster. This is because it has greater mass (and therefoe, greater gravitational force) tan the index card. Generally, the mass and weight of an object are major characteristics to consider in predicting its rate of fall. The greater the mass or weight, the faster will it fall. This is primarily due to the fact that gravitational force is mass (m) times acceleration die to gravity (g = constant at 9. 8 m/s2). In the same way, the shape and surface of an object also contribute to its rate of fall. The more compact or solid the object, the faster it will fall; the bigger the surface area, the more slowly it will fall. The frictional force is responsible for this slow down. 2. Describe the difference (in both what happens and why) between a person who jumps from an airplane with a parachute and one who jumps without a parachute. If a parachute is used, what would be the difference when the same size parachute is used on a person and then used on an elephant? In the first instance where a person jumps from an airplane with a parachute (say, person A), as compared to the person without a parachute (person B), person A will be able to land in a safer manner since the chute provides for a decrease in the person’s acceleration towards the ground. As person A drops down, the chute slows down his velocity by adding the oppositely directed air friction; meaning, as the downward velocity increases (or as person A accelerates downward), an upward force (which is the air friction sifted by the parachute) reduces the acceleration, thus creating less impact on person A’s landing. Contrastingly, person B will drop downwards in an accelerating manner, where the increased velocity will account for a less safe landing. In the second instance, the size is given focus with regard to the velocity and acceleration of the falling person/animal. Given the same sizes of parachutes used, a person (say, person C) and an elephant (say, Dumbo) are dropped down from an altitude. The effect would be that Dumbo will fall faster than person C despite the same sizes of chutes. Dumbo’s size accounts for the increase in velocity, as it has been established that mass is a factor for acceleration according to Newton’s First Law of Motion (F = ma or a = F / m). Person C will then fall more slowly as compared to Dumbo’s acceleration. The parachute may provide a decrease in acceleration, but this is more observable in person C’s experience.

Another Chance Of Life Essay -- essays research papers

Another Chance of Life Can there be another you? The answer is no, but by human cloning you can reproduce an offspring that grows into an exact genetically double of you. All of us want to prolong the lives of our loved ones and have a healthy newborn baby. Many infertility couples wanted to have a baby that is genetically theirs, not from adopting a child from a different family background. In the cloning technology, eggs or sperms would not be needed to be conceived by a person because any cell would do. One parent contributes DNA, making the child almost an identical twin. He or she would differ from the parents much more than identical twins differ from each other. In many parts of the world, human cloning is banned. For example, Canada's new Human Reproductive and Genetics Technologies Act made it illegal to clone human embryos, research on human embryos later than 14 days after conception, and the creation of embryos for research purposes alone. This act will make it more difficult for the estimated 280,000 infertile couplesin Canada to obtain domestic assistance in having a genetic child of their own. Human cloning should not be banned because it has many promising benefits to infertility couples and to the basic research for treatment of various diseases. Most people would not want to clone themselves. Those people think a human clone resembles the person it is made from. The genes do not form our character and so identical twins would never get 100 percent ident...

The Holocaust Essay -- History, Nazy

For most people, the Holocaust evokes feelings of empathy for the victims, and anger toward the persecutors. The Holocaust, defined as â€Å"the systematic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazi regime,† began with the rise of Nazi Germany (â€Å"A Historical Summary†). When the Germans lost World War One, the Jews received the blame. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred toward Jews, spread like wildfire throughout the nation. Hitler came to power with ideas of a master race, resulting in the persecution of many across Europe in what became known as the Holocaust. Although many contributed to the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler remains viewed as the main catalyst. Born in Austria, Hitler originated from humble roots and poor parents (Byers, Overview 23). Adolf decided at an early age to become an artist, due to the fact that he received the best grades in his primary school art class. Soon after entering secondary school, Hitler dropped out due to poor grades. After his rejection from art school, Hitler continued to live with his mother until her death. At age nineteen Hitler lacked an education, but needed money so he traveled around picking up any job available. At this low point in his life, Adolf Hitler decided to become an anti-Semite (24). With the start of World War One, Hitler became a German soldier at age twenty-five (23-25). His time in the army led Hitler to pursue a career in politics. With Hitler’s newfound goal of politics, he joined the Nazi party. Quickly working his way to the top, Hitler soon became elected the â€Å"Fà ¼hrer† or leader of the party. Adolf first attempted to gain power in the â€Å"Beer Hall Rebellion.† He led supporters to Berlin where the uprising was quickly crushed. With the charge of treason, Hitler s... ...y innocent lives were lost in vain including 5 million non-Jews (â€Å"Holocaust†). When Adolf Hitler came to power, Europe became entangled in chaos as millions of Jews and other groups endure persecution from Germans. Works Cited Altman, Linda J. The Holocaust, Hitler, and Nazi Germany. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1999. Print. Byers, Ann. The Holocaust Camps. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1998. Print. - - - . The Holocaust Overview. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1998. Print. â€Å"Holocaust.† Compton’s by Britannica. 01 Aug. 2011: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 19 February 2012. â€Å"The Holocaust: A Historical Summary.† Beyond the Wall of Remembrance. Nov. 1993: 5-10. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 19 February 2012. Yeatts, Tabatha. The Holocaust Survivors. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1998. Print.

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay

Direct current ( DC ) motor is applied in a broad scope of applications peculiarly in mechanization engineering due to minimum electromotive force ingestion. In the proposal DC motor plays an effectual function in Hardware execution. The chief rule behind the undertaking is to utilize the cascade control to run the DC motor ; it ‘s one of best feedback accountants. For gauging the speed and the armature current of the DC motor with 24 Vs and a dsPIC Microcontroller is programmed.The above all operation is done in a closed control cringle map. Table of Contentss 1.2 Objective 2. Specific Aims of the undertaking Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Brushed DC Motor DC motor theoretical account Digital control of District of Columbia motor Advantages of District of Columbia with regard to rush control Analogue control of District of Columbia motor 2.1 Dss PIC dsPIC30f 3010 2.2 MPLAB IDE 3. Design and Research Cascade control Currentloop kineticss Speed cringle kineticss 3.1 Components for commanding 24v brushed Dc motor 3.1. Flexible upside-down board 3.2.1 Generating PWM moving ridge signifiers 3.1.2 H-Bridge convertor 3.2 Software techniques used in DC motor Programing microcontroller in Flexible inverted board 4. Consequences and Discussion 5. Decision 6. Appendix List of Figures FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor FIGURE2: General block diagram of velocity cringle and current cringle of DC Motor FIGURE3: H-bridge convertor with different electromotive force VI ± & A ; VI?Chapter 11. Introduction1.1 ObjectiveThe chief map of the undertaking is to command the velocity of the DC Motor utilizing a dsPIC30f3010 microcontroller. For that implement a separate hardware to fulfill the chief map of the undertaking.1.2 Specific Aim of the undertakingIn order to accomplish the chief nucleus of the undertaking, concept Hardware for commanding the velocity control of DC motor. The chief hardware demands are Ds PIC microcontroller ICD interface & A ; connection for system interface DC power supply MOSFET Current detectors The above constituents are required to build a hardware called Flexible Inverted Board [ 4 ] .1.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECTStep1 In this paper a flexible upside-down board is constructed with the series of hardware constituents Step2 Then pass on the Flexible inverted board with system utilizing MPLAB IDE package with ICD-3 interface [ 4 ] .the linguistic communication used in the MPLAB package is C-language. Step3 The velocity cringle and the current cringle are the two of import maps for commanding the velocity of the Dc motor. In our undertaking the cardinal point is to command both the cringles by C-programming linguistic communication utilizing MPLAB ICD-3. The velocity cringle of the microcontroller is called velocity accountant and the current cringle of the microcontroller is called current accountant.Chapter 2THEORITICAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REVIEWS2 Background2.1 Brushed DC MotorIn automotive industries DC motor is used widely in â€Å" fuel pump control, electronic maneuvering control, engine control and electric vehicle control † [ 6 ] for its cost effectual and it is used in many applications like â€Å" mush and paper industries, fan pumps, imperativeness, winder motors † [ 2 ] , † place contraptions, washers, driers and compressors † [ 6 ] are some of the best illustrations. DC motor is one of the of import hardware employed in this paper, it consists of a rotor and stator, and the parts are placed in a lasting magnetic field. Commutator and coppice are placed in between the rotor and stator. Positioning the coppice at a peculiar way in the rotor is classified into some classs and they are â€Å" rad ial, trailling or taking † [ 3 ] places. When the rotor rotates the commutator and C coppice interface at a point, which produces an tremendous sum of magnetic field from the coppice of the motor and it produces current to the armature twist of the Dc motor. FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor [ a ]2.2 DC Motor theoretical account [ 8 ]Each motor will hold different specification and demands. Harmonizing to motor demands and inside informations the theoretical account can be designed. The purpose of motor theoretical account, trades with commanding the applied electromotive force of both velocity and current. The basic theoretical account for a Dc Motor is shown below FIGURE2: DC Motor theoretical account The above diagram is a simple RL circuit. RL circuit is called opposition induction circuit and a 24v DC Motor. All these constituents combine to organize RL circuit. Now the derivation portion of the RL circuit is explained below T ( T ) = J tungsten is the Angular speed J is the minute of inactiveness B is the clash T is the armature Torque T ( T ) = ( T ) is the Torque invariable is Armature current Harmonizing to Kirchhoff ‘s jurisprudence ( T ) – ( T ) = ( T ) + and are the induction and opposition for the armature current ( Iowa ) The electromotive of the motor can be determined by multiplying the back voltage with velocity The relationship for the electromotive force is shown below ( T ) = The province theoretical account for any DC motor utilizing Iowa and tungsten ( velocity ) is mentioned below.= +2.3 ds PIC -microchip Ds PIC stands for Programmable Interface Controller or programmable intelligent computing machine, which act as an of import controlling unit for full system. The chief aim of this undertaking is to do the Ds PIC to bring forth 6PWM wave form. In an ideal status the wave form from the pulsation width transition can command the H-bridge convertor. It non merely serves as an interface accountants but besides plays a function of a programmable logic accountant ( PLC ) . [ 16,20 ] Ds movie has a memory of 16bit microcontroller that has two major maps. Firstly it can move as a package portion functioning package maps and the other is a hardware portion functioning hardware maps. The input signals that are attain from the feedback service system are received by the package portion which in bend utilizes the codifications that are written on the bit on C – linguistic communication to analyse the input and run the hardware. Finally the package makes certainly the hardware runs based on the package maps to derive the needed end product. [ 18, 20 ] Our undertaking concentrated on working experiments that were run at lab conditions. Since a twosome of systems have certain differences from the stimulation that have been run in existent conditions compared to ideal conditions. This in bend is the working of the microcontroller. dsPIC30F 3010, 2010 4011 and 3012 are the series of french friess that have been available in the Lab. The missive ‘F ‘ in ds PIC30F and such bit provinces that the bit contains brassy memory. The ground for sing this brassy memory merchandise is because 30F has an ex-ordinary public presentation when compared to EPROM ( Effaceable Programmable Read-Only Memory ) and one clip programmable french friess ( OTP ) . This has been a major demand for the running of this undertaking to acquire the needed end product. 16-bit modified Harvard architecture has been added to the CPU incorporating Ds PIC30F for using the information and upgrading the set of usher lines for running digital signal processing ( DSP ) [ 14 ] . There is a drawn-out flexible opcode field which has been installed in the CPU that has a 24 spot broad user coder memory country and the entire turn toing velocity can travel up to 4MA-24 spot. This programming theoretical account has sixteen 16bit working registries in Ds PIC30F bit. There are two categories of debut commanding unit that have been integrated and used for executing they are integrated and used for executing [ 2 ] .2.3.1 dsPIC30F 3010This subdivision is about the pin constellation and the constituents available in dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller. Normally the memory allotment in dsPIC30F 3010 can classified in to three classs they are SRAM in Bytes EEPROM in Bytes Programmable memory in Bytes/instruction2.3.1.1 SRAMSRAM stands for inactive RAM ( Random Access Memory ) . Harmonizing to the tabular matter shown below the informations bound for inactive RAM should non transcend 1024 bytes. The memory in the map can sort in two types they are X – Datas RAM Y – Datas RAM The inactive RAM uses X -RAM and Y_RAM for hive awaying informations.2.3.1.2EEPROMThe memory allotment for EEPROM is same as inactive RAM. In read merely memory one of the of import types of ROM used to hive away memory is EEPROM. The chief map of this ROM is based on two parametric quantities they are endurance and keeping [ 2 ] . Endurance is to retain the informations even after the ROM fails. Therefore the informations ca n't be deleted at any instant. Time period is required to hive away informations that is taken attention by keeping [ 2 ] .2.3.1.3Program memoryIn a peculiar plan Ds PIC30f microcontroller has a separate memory allotment for hive awaying both the reference and information. The memory bound for the plan memory is 24K. plan reference infinite anda informations reference infinite Table 1: Tabulation for memory allotment in Ds PIC30f3010 The pin constellation of dsPIC30f3010 is described below FIGURE 3: Pin constellation of dsPIC30F 3010 [ 2 ] Pin descriptions ( PWM1L and PWM1H ) , ( PWM2L and PWM2H ) & A ; ( PWM3L and PWM3H ) [ 2 ] these are six different types PWM channels used in the pin constellation. In which each PWM brace generates three responsibility rhythms with one high end product ( H ) and one low end product ( L ) . INT0, INT1 & A ; INT2 are the interrupt buffers used in the PIC. VSS and VDD [ 2 ] are the supply electromotive force and land in the PIC accountant. U1RX & A ; U1TX, U1ARX & A ; U1ATX [ 2 ] are the series of pins used for pass oning PIC microcontroller with Personal computer, in other system interface operation can be done by UART map. In that RX stands for receiving system and TX stands for sender. The above pin map plays an of import in our undertaking.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 Components for commanding 24v brushed Dc motorSince the undertaking is to the full based on difficult ware so many constituents are available and how they work in that operation.3.1.1Cascade control operation in Dc Motor:The below operation is done by utilizing Double cascaded layout, it consists of two cringles they are current accountant with current mention and velocity accountant with velocity mention [ 5 ] as shown in. FIGURE4: General block diagram of velocity cringle and current cringle of DC Motor [ B ] The current cringle is covered by the velocity cringle, in the block diagram it has the two circles interior circle is called interior cringle and the outer circle is called outer cringle since the interior circle operation is ever quicker than the outer circle. In other words interior circle public presentation is multiple of 10 times faster than the staying 1. The cascade control rule is chiefly used in our undertaking to keep the velocity of the motor at a changeless degree and the current cringle in the cascade control is the armature current and it is otherwise called as torsion. Sometimes armature current may transcend the bound to avoid this state of affairs in cascade control, it has limiter, and the chief map of the clipper is to restrict the values of the armature current. For illustration To restrict the armature current to 64volt i.e. 1 ampere. So that the armature wo n't transcend those bounds since the clipper is available in cascade control. The velocity accountant in the cascade control used to bring forth demand current ia* . The motor runs to get the better of the demand current values. The demand current value will ever higher than the normal current values. So that the velocity motor bit by bit increases. PI accountant ( relative Integral accountant ) Current accountant Speed accountant The above all constituents construct a cascade accountant and the map each constituent is described below 3.1.1.1PI accountant ( relative and built-in accountant ) In cascade accountant map assorted accountants are used for observing the velocity and control of the motor, but PI accountant is recommended as high efficient accountant because it consist to constant addition Kip and Kid. By manually tuning the addition of both Kii and Kpi will cut down the steady province mistake and the stableness of the system will be increased. In recent study more than 70 % cascade accountant used PI accountant for commanding the velocity control DC Motor. In order to cut down the steady province mistake in the closed cringle system, bit by bit increase the relative addition changeless Kp. As the addition of the Kp increases the steady province mistake in the system decreases. But the stableness of the system will non be stable. To do the system stable, built-in term Ki is introduced in the system. When both the proportional and built-in term amount each other to cut down the steady province mistake and do the system stable.the above two maps can be done at th e same time in the PI accountant. The mathematical look for PI accountant is explained below. FIGURE 5: PI accountant of a closed cringle map [ 1 ] Kp-proportional addition Ki-Intergral addition Y- Output of the PI accountant Err-Error in the PI accountant At the get downing mistake ( Err ) will go through through both Kp and Ki. For relative addition the end product is Kp Err y1= Kp Err eqn1 [ 1 ] y2 = eqn 2 [ 1 ] Y = y1 + y2 eqn 3 [ 1 ] eqn 4 [ 1 ] The cardinal point in this PI accountant is the mistake Err in intergral addition Ki will be integrated. so that the steady mistake will be reduced and the system will be stable.3.1.1.2Current accountantThe current accountant in the closed cringle maps of the cascade control. The current cringle is besides called as current accountant. It is used to protect cascade circuit from harm. The chief map of the cascade map is to command the velocity. Before commanding the velocity the current of the accountant should be controlled. The current obtained from the closed cringle map is from armature circuit of the DC Motor [ 7 ] .the input in the current accountant is the back voltage ( ia* ) . Power convertor is chiefly used to better the control in the system. It has high exchanging frequence, since the power convertor in the current cringle is really speedy. The end product of the convertor is armature electromotive force ( Va ) . ( -E ) is the perturbation occurred in the current cringle, in order avoid the perturbation -E Iowa ia* RL CIRCUITT Power Converter Pi FIGURE 6: Functional block diagram of Current accountant The perturbation is added along with RL circuit, and the equation is shown below Va = ( S La + Ra ) ia + Tocopherol The map of the RL circuit is cut down complexness Va is Armature electromotive force. Iowa is armature current ( seeking to command ) Ra is Armature opposition Tocopherol is Disturbance RL = 1/ ( S La + Ra ) Current cringle is carried out by conveying the from Iowa ( armature current ) to ia* ( demand armature current ) . As speedy as possible without doing the over shoot acquiring so high. If the over shoot is high it creates job to the convertor. Similarly when the addition values ( Kp and Ki ) increases in PI controller the over shoot value reduces, but the same clip there is more sum of oscillation which may impact the system. Care should be taken in taking both Kp and Ki values. T Iowa ia** FIGURE 7: graph for armature current V subsiding clip ia – Armature current ia* – Demand armature current ts – Settling clip3.1.2 Flexible inverted boardThe major hardware has been designed and implemented as Flexible inverted board. It consists of many constituents they are dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller, H-bridge convertor and District of Columbia motor. The maps of these hardware constituents are explained earlier. The above all operation is implemented in a individual hard ware called flexible inverted board. FIGURE 8: Functional block diagram of Flexible inverted board3.1.2.1 IR2130 gate thrust circuit:There are three input signal generator blocks which are capable of supplying two end products each gives the inputs to the six end product drivers. L1, L2 and L3 are signal generators which drive exactly the three low-side end product drivers although H1, H2 and H3 signal generators must be flat shifted before it is fed to the high-side end product drivers. The drifting points of the driver, gate charge demands of the power switch and the maximal power switch â€Å" ON † times receives power from three bootstrap capacitances C1, C2 and C3. Bootstrap capacitances besides feed supply to the internal natation driver current. Once these energy demands are met there must be considerable sum of charge still on the 8.3V nominal to forestall halting. D7, D8 and D9 should be super-fast. VCC degree seen by an under-voltage sensor circuit gives an input to criminalize six end products of the signal generator circuits. Current detector R1 derives the ITRIP signal in the chief power circuit of the motor when it is segregated with a 0.5 V mention to criminalize the six signal generator end products. ITRIP inputs sets up a mistake logic circuit which in bend gives unfastened drain TTL end product for system gesture. FIGURE 9: Circuit diagram for IR2130 gate thrust circuit3.1.2.2Trim port map with PWMTrim port are little in size and they are really little in size.it is chiefly used in many PCB building board since it ‘s occupies less infinite. The spare port act like a potentiometer and it is otherwise called as pruner [ ] . By tuning the spare port, opposition value can be minimized or maximized. For illustration if a 50ohm opposition can be tuned by spare port from 0 – 50. The two leg of H-bridge convertor produce two pulse wave form one with low end product ( 1L ) and another 1 with high end product ( 1H ) . The responsibility ratio of the PWM wave signifier can set utilizing spare port.3.1.2.3DC MOTOR ENCLOSED WITH A ENCODERThe best methods of ciphering the velocity of the DC motor is utilizing optical encoder method. It consists of a disc, Light Emitting Diode ( LED ) and optical detector [ 6 ] . The disc is fitted with the rotor, as the rotor rotates the disc starts whirling along with the rotor and it is placed in between the LED beginning and the light detector. Once the rotary motion starts the disc passes through the LED beginning and the optical detector gets started, from which the velocity of the motor can be calculated because the optical detector Acts of the Apostless like a tachometer. In other words the encoder in the DC motor is otherwise called as velocity observing detectors. [ 6 ]3.1.2.4 H-Bridge convertorDC motor runs differential v elocity, but the applied electromotive force of the motor varies at every interval of clip. Since the electromotive force is straight relative velocity, as the electromotive force increases the velocity of the motor besides increases. Speed can be calculated by tachometer which is in physique in the DC motors, the applied electromotive force can be supplied and controlled by a convertor called h-bridge convertor. Soman GD – Gate Drive Circuit FIGURE 10: H-bridge convertor with different electromotive force VI ± & A ; VI? [ c ] In this H-bridge circuit it produces two unipolar pulsation breadth transitions because it has two leg inverter. Effective transition takes topographic point merely in the first half of the inverter. As a consequence two variable electromotive forces are generated on either side of the armature twist. In H-bridge, transition index is represented as ( +mi ) and the reciprocal of transition index is represent as ( -mi ) .the motor in our undertaking really sing two pulse breadth. Both the pulsations are reciprocally relative to each other bring forthing a unipolar PWM. The two legs in the convertor are called the shift signals or exchanging frequence. Bigger convertor comparatively has lower frequence and smaller convertor has higher frequence. If the frequence in the leg1 is high in contrast the frequence in the leg2 will be low. In our undertaking see VI ± and VI? are the exchanging channels of the H- span convertor. they are reciprocally relative to each other. The bearer signal is called the input frequence. the bearer frequence used in our undertaking is 10khz. Harmonizing to the bearer frequence the clip period of VI ± and VI? differs. In C coding VI ± and VI? is mentioned as PDC1and PDC2 from the below graph FIGURE 11 graphical representation of PWM signals in H- Bridge convertor. The end product electromotive force of the h-bridge convertor can be obtained both negative and positive electromotive force distribution [ 1 ] . Pulse width transition in the h-bridge convertor helps to command the armature circuit of the DC motor [ 1 ] . Maximal armature current ( torsion ) can be obtained by comparing clip invariable of both field twist and the armature weaving [ 1 ] . Since the motor is connected straight to the field twists supply electromotive force in the field twist is more when compared with the armature weaving. To keep equal clip invariable in both field and armature weaving [ 1 ] , the applied electromotive force in the armature twist should be increased, as the armature current increases the torsion end product is maximized [ 1 ] .3.1.3 Generating PWM moving ridge signifiersAs the torsion end product gets maximized, pulse breadth transition is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the perturbation in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequence degree of the H-bridge convertor at a higher scope. As the torsion end product gets maximized, pulse breadth transition is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the perturbation in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequence degree of the H-bridge convertor at a higher scope. FIGURE 12: Diagrammatic representation of the pulsation breadth transition is shown below [ 6 ] The below specification is referred from [ 6 ] Ton – Time is ON ( applied electromotive force ) Toff – Time OFF ( applied electromotive force ) T – Time period. Duty rhythm = . The mean electromotive force of the DC motor can be shown in an equation below Average = Duty rhythm A- Vin [ 6 ] When the motor is running at a changeless velocity the back voltage of the motor is besides remain changeless. As the back voltage remain the same the motor running at changeless velocity and the armature current ( Ia ) is zero. PWM is one chief portion that is required for the operation of cascade control.4. Software used to drive the Motors4.1 Programing microcontroller in Flexible inverted board utilizing C-languageIn the flexible inverter board PIC microcontroller plays a major place in directing the pulsation breadth transition. The Ton clip in the pulsation breadth transition ( PWM ) signal can be modulated or controlled by the microcontroller, as the microcontroller varies the clip, the speed of the motor alterations with regard to clip. The Programing linguistic communication used in microcontroller is embedded C. The scheduling codifications are downloaded in the microcontroller bit, the downloading attack can be done by a package development tool called MPLAB, this package exists in supervising the systems, this package should be foremost installed in the Personal computer, the code rs will compose the codifications to modulate the PI accountant to get Applicable beginning from the current cringle of the cascade control map. Once the codifications are accepted harmonizing to the current cringle [ 1 ] , the plans can be downloaded in the microcontroller through cosmopolitan consecutive coach or in circuit Debugger ( ICD ) ; ICD is a coach which interfaces Personal computer system and the flexible inverter Board. [ 6 ] In order to plan the microcontroller examine whether the hardware constituents are interfaced with the accountant. The scheduling linguistic communication used for programming the accountant is C linguistic communication. In c-language the information ‘s are classified in to input informations and end product informations. The microcontroller direct the information in linear signal, where the C-language wo n't accept linear signals.To avoid the state of affairs ADC convertor and encoder interface are introduced in the system. ADC stands for parallel to digital convertor ; it converts the linear signal in to digital signals. Then the digital signals get received by the C-program as input informations. In turns c-program will direct the end product informations to the PWM unit. UART communicating system is a bidirectional so that microcontroller and Personal computer can pass on at the same time. UART stands for cosmopolitan asynchronous receiving system sender. The basic diagram matic representation for system communicating with C-language is shown below FIGURE 13: System communicating in C – Programing Language. In C-language foremost initialise all the maps required for the velocity control of motor.4.1.1Current detector input:The current in the motor spiral is one of import parametric quantity in the effectual running of the motor. So it is indispensable to mensurate the value of this current. The measuring of the current is performed by utilizing particular detectors call Hall Effect Sensors. The scope of the current is determined by the evaluation of the motor. Any over current in the motor can severely damage the motor. The Hall Effect detectors produce a electromotive force matching to the stage current. This is fed to the ADC inputs of the micro accountant where it is converted into the digital signals. This is so fed into the microcontroller plan. Hence the current demands to be limited within specific limits.CL1, CL2 and CL3 are the three current detectors variables used in this cryptography. The spot ratio of the ADC input is 10 so the input informations scopes from 0 to 1023. The maximal informations bound for the current detector is 1023.so the current detector value in the C- codification is initiated as CL1 = 511 ; CL2 = 511 ; CL3 = 0 ;4.1.2 Encoder input:For any velocity accountant, the existent velocity of the rotor forms the footing for the control signals. The velocity control signal can be changed merely if there is an mistake between the existent velocity of the rotor and the coveted velocity of the rotor. If the measured velocity is less than the coveted velocity so the PWM pulsations are changing consequently to increase the velocity. To execute this action a shaft encoder is used. The shaft encoder uses an opto-mechanical system to bring forth pulsations. These pulsations so are used to deduce the velocity of the rotor. A mention pulsation is used as an index to number the pulsation. This information is fed to the microcontroller, which so uses a particular timing circuit that processes these encoder pulsations. The motor velocity to be accessed by the microcontroller needs to be stored in a variable within the micro accountant codification. The variable used in this plan is a variable called revolutions per minute. This variable is accessed to cipher all maps related to the motor velocity.4.1.3 Pulse Width Modulation:The MOSFET ‘s in the circuit is used as switches. These MOSFET ‘s are switched harmonizing to a PWM. To drive these MOSFETs ‘ a gate driver circuit is required. The gate thrust signal generates the electromotive force required for the operation of these MOSFET ‘s. The PWM is generated by the microcontroller harmonizing to the plan and is supplied to the gate thrust circuit. The PWM signals are sep arate for each if the 3 legs of the MOSFET inverter. Each of the PWM requires a transition index to bring forth the signal. These transition indexes are stored in a registry. The registries are named as PDC1, PDC2, and PDC3. These variables are really important in bring forthing the PWM signals for the MOSFET drivers. Since informations bound is 1023.4.1.4 Initializing the codification in C – linguistic communicationBefore executing any map in C-language, it requires an low-level formatting. It is of import to initialising the variable of a map. Some the maps are initialized below.Init PORT ( )This map initialise the digital input and end product port or parallel input and parallel end product of the microcontroller.Init UART ( )It is one of pin in the microcontroller.The chief map of the UART is used for bidirectional communicating with Personal computer. Since UART can able to observe the transmittal velocity in informations transportation between the microcontroller and Pe rsonal computer. The maximal transmittal velocity is around 19200.the informations transportation wo n't transcend the bound.Init PWM ( )The input frequence of our PWM signal is 10kHz.the clip bound for the transition index is around 0-1474.in the h-bridge convertor has two legs so each leg produces a PWM signal with a maximal clip bound of 0-737. Hence the Ton clip of PWM signal will be in 1:1 responsibility ratio.Init ADC ( )It is used to change over the parallel signals in to digital signals. In the microcontroller there are five pins reserved for the ADC inputs. During the informations transmittal ADC maps plays a of import function in disrupting the signal. An low-level formatting is required for the interrupt to execute any map in C- linguistic communication.Init CAPTURE ( )The gaining control map is chiefly used to mensurate the frequence and clip period of the PWM wave signifier generated from the two legs J30 and J31 pins of the H-bridge convertorInitTimer3 ( ) and InitTime r1 ( )To put initial clip in the microcontroller for the gaining control map and timer 1 set the starting clip for the interrupt map happened in the UART communicating system.Interrupts:Interrupts are occurred merely during the informations transportation, when the transmittal velocity that is the baud rate is known means the interrupts can be added to the system easily.in our undertaking the baud rate is 19200.the chief map of the interrupt is used synchronize clip period of PWM with the velocity cringle and the current cringle of the motor. In our undertaking four different type of interrupt service modus operandi are used. They are ISR_ADCInterput ( ) This interrupt is triggered when the ADC finishes its transition and hence its get synchronized to the microcontroller PWM clip base. From this all the application control codification to be implemented in this interrupts service modus operandi.ISR_T1Interput ( )The assorted information to the Personal computer is transferred by utilizing the UART communicating nexus in this interrupts service modus operandi. All the variables that are needed to be mentioned in this everyday utilizing standard C map dash ( ) .ISR_U1RXInterput ( )Assorted information is transferred from the Personal computer in to the C plan. This everyday concedes us to modulate the facets of the plan when it is running.ISR_IC1Interput ( )It measures the velocity value from clocking informations that are attained in the input gaining control faculty. FIGURE 14 The connexion diagram for the velocity control of Dc motor is shown above Chapter 55 Consequences and treatmentAs discussed earlier the assorted maps of hardware constituents in this undertaking, this subdivision discusses the inside informations sing how the undertaking deals with comparing and measuring the consequences. Undertaking has a series of stairss ; each measure is assigned with different operation techniques to put to death the concluding consequences. 5.1 Initial connexion trial between MPLAB IDE and Flexible inverted Board Initially the system needs to be interfaced utilizing the flexible inverter board. This operation is performed by linking the Personal computer to the flexible upside-down board. To link the Personal computer to the flexible upside-down board, ICD 3 interface port is used to finish the connexion. Since the informations transmittal velocity in ICD 3 is high when compared with ICD 2, the power supply to the inverted board is supplied through the Dc power supply generator. The Initial conditions were set to the power supply generator where the electromotive force bound and current bound is zero. For the Dc motor maximal electromotive force supply is 24voltage in VDC and a current of 0.5 ampere is set in the power supply generator which is so connected to the inverter board. Once the initial conditions are set, the power generator is fitted with a path button which needs to be held and at the same time the end product button needs to be pressed. Once the end product button is turned ON, the power is applied to the inverted board. On the other manus MPLAB IDE package is opened in the system, where a new file demands to be created so the needed compiler for this undertaking needs to be selected. Once these scenes are done the debugger option in the MPLAB ICD 3 is chosen, the package will initialise the tool and a verification message was displayed on the screen which says â€Å" ICD 3 is connected † . The codifications for this were designed in the MPLAB package and burnt in the Ds PIC microcontroller by ICD 3 interface. 5.2 Measure 3, 4 & A ; 5 One of the ADC input pin in the PIC microcontroller demands to be initialize as ADCBUF0. The maximal input scope of ADC interrupt is 1023 since ADC input is initialized as IN1. When IN1 is initialized as ADCBUF0 in C-language it can be written as{IN1 = ADCBUF0 ; PDC1 = IN1 ; IFS0bits.ADIF = 0 ;}Here IN1 is the informations value for the spare port in the flexible upside-down board. The maximal IN1 value is 1023. As mentioned earlier PDC1 is initialized as one leg portion H-bridge convertor, where PDC1 is 1474 and a unipolar pulsation breadth transition was generated. If IFS0bits.ADIF is zero, it means that the chief used to initialise ADIF value is 0 in other words it is the default value. PDC1 = 2*IN1 ; Similarly in measure 4 multiply the spare port input value with 2. Then the PDC1 input scope will transcend so ‘if ‘ statements are used to restrict the value of PDC1 from 0 to 1474. To restrict the values of PDC1 the codification in C-language can be implemented as ; PDC1 = 2*IN1 ; If ( PDC1 & gt ; 1474 ) PDC1= 1474 ; 5.3 Step6 & A ; 7 The flexible upside-down board consists of a gate triggered circuit in other words they are known as MOSFETS. Wholly 6 MOSFETS are available in the flexible upside-down board. In our undertaking two MOSFET are used and both of them are connected to the legs of the H-bridge convertor. The MOSFETS that are connected to H-bridge convertor are ‘U10 and U13 ‘ & As ; ‘U11 and U14 ‘ . To supervise and look into if the MOSFETS are triping the pulsation or non it can be done by analyzing the trial points available in the flexible upside-down board. This is done utilizing the CRO where the trial points are connected via investigations as a consequence triping pulsation is produced. The diagrammatic representation of Square wave signifier is shown below. FIGURE 15The above diagram represents the general pulsation wave form Depending on the transition index value produced by the ADC input the responsibility ratio of the pulse fit transition varies consequently. In other words the transition index is straight relative to the responsibility ratio. Using appropriate C plan the ensuing wave form from the three different responsibility ratios was observed to be in the square form. When the CRO is connected to the trial point J30, three different per centums were obtained due to the different responsibility rhythms. The C codifications that were used to obtain the wave forms are mentioned below: C codification for 50 % responsibility rhythm: PDC1 = MI + 737 ; PDC2 = MI – 737 ; Manual computation for 50 % responsibility rhythm Since PDC1 = 1474 If PDC1/2 = 1474/2 = 737. Resulting wave form for 50 % responsibility rhythm is shown below FIGURE 16 moving ridge from for 50 % responsibility rhythm C codification for 25 % dutycycle: PDC1 = MI + 1105.5 ; PDC2 = MI – 1105.5 ; Manual computation for 25 % dutycycle: ( PDC1 and PDC2 ) value for 50 % responsibility rhythm is 737 ( PDC1 and PDC2 ) value for 75 % responsibility rhythm is 368.5 For 25 % responsibility rhythm add both 737 + 368.5 = 1105.5 Resulting wave form for 25 % dutycycle: FIGURE 17 moving ridge signifier for 25 % responsibility rhythm Code for 75 % dutycycle: PDC1 = MI + 368.5 ; PDC2 = MI – 368.5 ; Manual computation for 75 % responsibility rhythm For PDC1 and PDC2 is 737 Divide PDC1 and PDC2 by 2 The solution for for PDC1 and PDC2 is 368.5. Resulting wave signifier for 75 % dutycycle FIGURE 18 moving ridge signifier for 75 % responsibility rhythm 5.4 Measure 7 The last operation is based on linking the CRO with the trial point J30 in the flexible upside-down board, likewise the same operation is performed in another trial point J31. The triggered pulsation obtained from the MOSFETS is shown below for the different responsibility rhythm ratio as already mentioned in measure 6. Resulting wave form for 25 % responsibility rhythm: FIGURE 19 Resulting wave signifier for 25 % responsibility rhythm in trial point J31 Resulting wave signifier for 50 % responsibility rhythm is shown below FIGURE 19 Resulting wave signifier for 50 % responsibility rhythm in trial point J31 FIGURE 20 Resulting wave signifier for 75 % responsibility rhythm: From above three wave signifiers each differs in their responsibility ratio. Then compare the wave form of J30 & A ; J31. The different is happened because of hold or mistake occurred during the informations transmittal. 5.5 Measure 10 In the initial status of the spare port is set as nothing. Then the responsibility rhythm of the PWM 1 is high and PWM 2 will be low.In other words PWM1 is reciprocally relative to PWM2. Similarly in the ulterior status when the spare port is turning toward the higher terminal. Now the responsibility rhythm of PWM 2 is found to be more than 95 % . The end product of the PWM is determined from the CRO. Since the value of PDC1 and PDC2 will be 1474.due to 1:1 responsibility ratio. The input informations values are every bit shared by both PDC1 and PDC2. In some conditions when the PDC1 = 2*IN1.the value of IN1 is 1023, and so value of PDC1 is 2046. As per the conditions mentioned earlier the value should non transcend the input informations bound 1474. Such state of affairs are handled with aid of if statements. Using if statement how the status is satisfied in C cryptography PDC1 = 737+MI ; PDC2=737-MI ; If ( PDC1 & gt ; 1474 ) PDC1 = 1474 ; If ( PDC2 & gt ; 1474 ) PDC2=1474 ; This codification C2=1474-PDC1 makes the motor to revolve at rearward way. When the above codification is compiled and executed the electric resistance value increased or decreased by manually tuning the spare port in the flexible upside-down board. Harmonizing to the opposition value in the microcontroller the amplitude and the current flow can be controlled. 5.6 Measure 11 Ripple current and RL Load Now connect the RL burden with the connection of the flexible upside-down board to cipher the ripple current. In the connection of the flexible inverted board has two points. They are sing as point A and point B. Ripple current can be calculated by a device called current investigation. First connect the current investigation to the point A of the connection and view the mean value of the ripple current in the CRO. The wave form for the mean ripple current value for point A is shown below. FIGURE 21 moving ridge signifier for responsibility cycle1 with 1H and duty rhythm 2 1L ( indicate A ) 1H – High End product 1L – Low End product In this wave form the conditions are wholly reversed when compared with the above wave form. The responsibility rhythm 1 with 1L and duty rhythm 2 with 1H ( indicate A ) FIGURE 22 moving ridge signifier for responsibility cycle1 with 2L and duty rhythm 2 1H ( indicate A ) Once the rippling currents are calculated in point A. the similar operation is performed by the current investigation in point B. the wave forms are shown below FIGURE 23 wave form for responsibility cycle1 with 1H and responsibility cycle2 with 1L ( point B ) FIGURE 24 wave form for responsibility cycle1 with 2L and responsibility cycle2 with 2H ( point B ) 5.7 Measure 12 This measure deals with ciphering the beginning and derive value of ripple current through current investigation as discussed earlier. These values are chiefly used for trying the input informations ‘s from the microcontroller. In order to cipher the beginning and addition value the values need to be identified as shown in the tabular matter below they are ; ADC electromotive force, current detector, PDC1 and PDC2. Initially the interface needs to be reloaded with the flexible upside-down board. The PDC1 and PDC2 value can be determined by the ticker option in MPLAB IDE package. The current detector in the flexible inverted board has a trial point J43. Then the current detector value was measured by multi metre through the trial point. For this a 24 electromotive force Dc motor the maximal current detector value gettable will be 2.57voltage. Initially set the spare port value to zero, so look into the current detector value by a multi metre where it showed 2.57. By increasing the electric resistance of the spare port the current detector and ADC electromotive force will be bit by bit decreased nevertheless at one phase the ADC electromotive force bit by bit decreases to zero. Later the ADC electromotive for ce value increased easy but the current detector invariably decreased as shown in the tabular matter. These values were recorded in the tabular matter. Subtracted ADC electromotive force value from PDC1 value and the mean value consequence was recorded in the new column. Then the mean value for the new column is calculated. Table 2 Tabular column for ciphering beginning and addition values ADC electromotive force Current detector PDC1 PDC2 PDC2 – ADC electromotive force Spot 27.51 2.569 41 1433 13.49 4.46039 25.43 2.559 143 1331 117.57 21.79 2.544 283 1191 261.21 20.51 2.527 444 1030 423.49 17.79 2.517 546 928 528.21 0.0007 2.497 757 717 756.9993 3.72 2.478 960 514 956.28 4.07 2.462 1123 351 1118.93 18.4 2.43 1431 43 1412.6 5588.7793 620.9754778 Manual computation for the above tabular matter is shown below Offset spot = ( PDC1 – ADC electromotive force ) / entire figure values ( PDC1- ADC electromotive force ) = 13.49 + 117.57 + 261.21 + 528.21 + 756.9993 + 956.28 + 1118.93 + 1412.6 = 5588.7793 PDC1-ADC electromotive force = 5588.7793 Entire figure of values = 9 Average ( PDC1 – ADC electromotive force ) = 5588.7793/9 = + 620.9754778. Calculate the entire ADC electromotive force Entire ADC electromotive force =27.51 + 25.43 + 21.79 + 20.51 + 17.79 + 0.0007 + 3.72 + 4.07 + 18.4 = 132.5 Offset spot = + 620.9754778./ 132.5 = 4.4602 spot 5.8 Measure 13 In this subdivision connect 24 volt Dc motor to the flexible upside-down board. When the power supply is turned ON the motor rotates at a peculiar velocity and this velocity of the motor rotates harmonizing to the responsibility ratio produced by the H-bridge convertor. Initially test all the conditions to verify the on the job status of the motor. The motor used here is fitted with an encoder that is attached together. Since the flexible inverted board has an encoder sensor the encoder portion of the motor was connected to the encoder sensor, therefore the motor satisfies the conditions mentioned above.5.9 Measure 14In this measure, J14 pin of the flexible upside-down board is interfaced together with the system through a overseas telegram. Using Lab position package ‘s the Tacho scope, RPM can be determined. PDC1, PDC2 and their corresponding responsibility rhythm per centum are viewed. Like this similar operation Table 3 Tabular column for ciphering electromotive force Vs velocity Tacho Vdc Revolutions per minute PDC1 PDC2 Duty 1 % Duty 2 % 1 -18.1 1776 150 1324 89.2 11.2 2 -14.5 1416 270 1204 81.1 19.9 3 -10.71 1047 388 1087 73.3 27.1 4 -7.46 727 482 992 66.5 35.5 5 -3.42 334 596 878 58 42 6 0 95 714 760 50 49.6 7 1.69 165 826 648 45.6 54.4 8 5.5 538 941 532 38.2 62.2 9 9.33 919 1049 423 29.8 70.1 10 12.9 1265 1155 320 22.3 72.9 11 16.1 1578 1256 219 15.5 85.5 12 19.6 1919 1374 97 9 92 RPM = K To cipher the value of the K K = Vdc12 – Vdc1/RPM12 – RPM1 K = 19.6-18.1/1919 – 1776 K = 0.0104 As per the demands from the tabular matter secret plan the graph for Vdc ( electromotive force ) V RPM The graph representation is shown below FIGURE 25 Voltage Vs Speed5.10 Measure 155.10.1Current cringleOnce the mean value of the ripple current and the beginning values are calculated, to command the velocity of the motor, foremost the applied electromotive force of the motor should be controlled. Interestingly the applied electromotive force can be determined from the current cringle of the relative and Built-in accountant in other words as PI accountant. Since the operation of PI accountant is explained before itself. In the PI accountant current plays the interior cringle, and it is 10 times faster than the outer cringle. So the interior cringle is executed foremost. A measure input given to the PI accountant. The consequence expected from the end product of the PI accountant as a measure end product with extremum over shoot. This extremum over shoot increases the steady province mistake besides increases. In bends steady province mistake produces a electromotive force bead in the motor. So the velocity of the motor bit by bit decreases. This state of affairs can be overcome by seting the addition of both relative and built-in. The maximal extremum over shoot degree is 7.5 % . If the degree exceeds, the end product of the current cringle is non in a stable status. If the system is non stable, it is hard to command the velocity of the motor. the graphical representation of the expected current cringle is shown below. FIGURE 26 measure response end product for current cringle In the above measure response the ia* and Iowa are the demand current and the armature current. Since the current detector value 1023. Two current detectors are used. They CL1 and CL2 The armature current Iowa = 511 Demand current ia* = 511 Tocopherol is the mistake E = demand current – armature current E = ia* – Iowa E = 511 – 511 = 0 ; Harmonizing to the computation shown above.The codification is compiled in C-language for the current cringle. In the cryptography First originate the addition values of the PI accountant as kpi and kii. int kpi, kii ; kpi=10 ; kii=0 ; Then initialise the mistake, armature current and demand current as i_error, Iowa and ia_demand int Iowa, ia_demand, i_error ; Iowa = CL1 ; ( initialise current detector 1 as armature current of the motor ) CL1 = 511 ; ( initialise the value of current detector 1 as 511 ) ia_demand = 511 ; ( demand armature current ) i_error = ia_demand – CL1 ; ( Error in the armature current can be determined by deducting the armature currenr ( Iowa ) from the demand armature current ( ia* ) . The expected mistake should be zero. when the above codification is executed in MPLAB package. In the get downing the mistake is non zero. Some clip the current detector value differs. As per the codification the expected CL1 value should 511. In this status, a new set of codification is implemented. In this codification, if statements are used for the CL1 value. Then the current detector value will be within the scope. if ( 510 & lt ; CL1 & A ; & A ; CL1 & lt ; 517 ) the value CL1 ranges from ( 511 to 517 ) The manual tuning of kpi and kii alterations CL1 from 511 to some other value. As a consequence mistake occurs in the extremum over shoot. For illustration if CL1 is 514, which is displayed on the ticker of MPLAB Since the expected CL1 is 511 but CL1 is 514 The mistake difference between the expected and the present value is 3. The avoid the mistake difference in CL1 a simple codification is designed below CL1 = CL1 -3 ; ( if CL1 is 514, 514 – 3 is 511 ) . The mistake is zero but the extremum over shoot is still high. This is due built-in air current up map because the built-in added with kii in PI accountant. To avoid this mistake separate codification is executed in C cryptography. The variable zi is initialized as built-in collector and its value is 737. if ( zi & gt ; 737 ) zi=737 ; if ( zi & lt ; -737 ) zi=-737 ; the above codification keeps the zi value within the scope. Since i_error = 511 zi = 737 + 511 zi = zi+i_error ; ( anti air current up codification added with an mistake ) In order to avoid the built-in mistake multiply built-in collector with built-in addition ( kii ) . kii * zi ( eqn 1 ) Multiply the mistake with the addition of proportional. kpi * i_error ( eqn 2 ) add both the eqn to acquire the concentrated transition index. This map will cut down the steady province mistake and extremum over shoot. myocardial infarction = ( kpi*i_error ) + ( kii*zi ) ; From this codification the expected extremum over shoot is obtained with zero steady province mistake. The expected current cringle moving ridge signifier implemented from the codification is shown below In this moving ridge signifier over shoot is high. To cut down the over shoot and stead province mistake manually tune the kpi and kii value. Manual tuning is like a loop method to acquire a peculiar solution after many comparings take topographic point between kpi and kii values. The expected end product is non yet determined. So the expected end product is still under procedure.Mention[ 1 ] D.J.Atkinson, â€Å" Control of Electric thrusts, † EEE 8014 talk notes, School of electrical, electronic and Computer technology, Newcastle University,2011. [ c ] [ 2 ] R.Roberge, â€Å" Carbon coppice public presentation and application in the mush and paper environment † , National Electrical Carbon Products, 2001. [ 6 ] E.A.CHOON, â€Å" DCmotor velocity control utilizing microcontroller pic16f877a † , 2005, pp. 1-64. [ 3 ] K.Hameyer, R.J.M.Belmans, â€Å" Permanent magnet excited brushed DC motors † Dept. of Electrical. Engineering. Katholieke University, Vol. 43, 1996, pp. 247-255 [ a ] CONDIT, R. ( 2004 ) Brushed DC Motor Fundamentals Microchip Technology Inc. [ 5b ] P.Chevrel, L.Sicot, S.Siala, â€Å" Switched LQ accountant for DC Motor Speed and Current Control: a comparing with cascade control † , 1996. [ 4 ] G.J.Atkinson, â€Å" Electrical Power and Control Project, † EEE8075 ( Semester 1 ) talk notes, School of electrical, electronic and Computer technology, Newcastle University, 2011. [ 7 ] M.V.Ramesh, J.Amarnath, S.Kamakshaiah, G.S.Rao, â€Å" SPEED CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR BY USING FUZZY LOGIC PI CONTROLLER † ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.Vol.6, NO. 9, 2011. [ 8 ] R. K. Munje, M. R. Roda, B. E. Kushare, â€Å" Speed Control of DC Motor Using PI and SMC † IPEC, 2010 Conference Proceedings, 2010, pp.945- 950. DS movie mention [ 2 ] . ( 2010 ) dsPIC30f3010 Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Inc. [ 16 ] .D'SOUZA, S. ( 2004 ) detector less BLDC Motor Control Using dsPIC30f2010. Microchip Technology Inc. [ 18 ] . ELLIOTT, C. & A ; BOWLING, S. ( 2004 ) Using the dsPIC30F for mindless BLDC control. IEEE Inc. [ 20 ] . HUDDLESTON, C. ( 2007 ) Intelligent detector design utilizing the micro chip Ds PIC [ electronic resource ] / by Creed Huddleston. , Elsevier/News. Tabulation J. Plantier, H. Aziza, J.M. Portal, C. Reliaud, A. Regnier, J.L. Ogier, â€Å" EEPROM tunnel oxide life-time dependability anticipation based on fast electrical emphasis trials † ELECTRONICS LETTERS Vol. 46 No. 23, 2010. Tang Yiliang, Cui Wenjin, Xie Xiaorong, Han Yingduo, Man-Chung Wong â€Å" 80Cl96MC Microcontroller-based Inverter Motor Control and IR2130 Six-output IGBT Driver † Department of Electrical Engineering and Faculty of Science and Technology, 1999, pp.665-667. [ FIGURE9 and 3.1.2.1 ] David Cook â€Å" CHAPTER 14 Variable Resistors ROBOT Building FOR BEGINNERS † , 2010, pp 173-191. [ trimport ]

Lessons Learnt from the Artifact

Lessons Learnt from the Artifact Education is of great importance and is currently given more value than it was about a hundred years ago. Every parent in this day and age believes that the best lifelong asset that he or she can give to their child is education. Unlike in the old days, education is currently taking place in modernized institutions where the mode of instruction is also modernized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons Learnt from the Artifact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is the use of organized syllabus for various subjects. Learning takes place chronologically from one grade to the next. The student has the freedom to choose the subjects that suite their future careers. They also take part in co-curricular activities to exploit their talents. A school is an institution in which teaching and learning take place concurrently. 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All school settings should be able to provide all these to their students so that in the end they not only produce a knowledgeable person but also a socially fit person. This paper bases its discussion on the article known as the artifact. The paper will help its readers to see how schools have come up with their culture and other traditions, as well as its effects on teachers. It also examines the effect of the artifact on the learning of the student and other workers as well as its effects in future development. The document looks at how the school and its professional and non professional leaders form the basis of professional society. It continues to say that a proficient society is a unique part of the communal asset which is partly achieved by rooting and using certain structural methods of teaching by the schools’ concerned leaders.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the article we find out that the artifact instilled the feeling of respect and trustworthiness among the students because it allowed the students to take part in many activities that saw them interact with different people in the community. This also enabled them to have a sense of belonging and helped them to become socially fit people. This was achieved by the leaders in the school. Normally the school is made up of two types of leaders. The first group of leaders includes leaders who affect the life of students indirectly. They make and put into practice the rules, regulations and activities to be done in the school but have no direct contact with the students. This group of leaders includes administrators among others. The second group of leaders includes leaders who have direct influence on the students. They meet more frequently and often on a daily basis with the students. They give knowledge to the students, instill confidence in them and help them view life from a wider perspective (Halverson, 2004). These are the teachers. The teachers have the duty of exploring new thoughts and dreams, analyze them and share them with the students for the purpose of making them better people in the community. Thus, teachers enable their students to be responsible overall as they develop common interest for others. This in turn makes the students to be high achievers, goal oriented and people who can make objectives and attain them. This is because teachers take full reasonability for traditions and other learning activities together with class work. They make sure that students learn by taking part in the activities and socializing with others in different ways and settings (Halverson, 2004). They also make sure that the students are well mentored, highly disciplined, and well mannered in addition to having good self conduct. This results in a professionally developed society as most people in a society tend to live and conform to the practices around them. All this is found in the artifact. The world is dynamic and nothing in it remains constant. Change takes place from time to time and we all know that change is inevitable. The artifact is bound to go through transformation in future as the education systems and needs keep changing. In order to make students better persons, the school needs to adapt and use a broad combination of knowledge, ideas, skills, character and principles. All these things are changing due to changes in technology, community needs and the needs of the nations at large.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons Learnt from the Artifact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Halverson, R. (2004). Accessing, documenting and communicating practical wisdom: the phronesis of school leadership practice. The American Journal of Education, 1, 1-50. Kreitner, R. (2006). Management. Thousand Oaks: Cengage Learning.

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buy custom Innovation in Business essay Innovation is the process of creating new, improved, and more effective products, services, ideas and products. Innovation is essential in business to sustain survival and growth of the business a highly dynamic and unpredictable markets. In the case study, the innovation process of the product started with a trigger or the need for a product that would suit a given purpose. The need was to have a product that would mark and provide easy reference to pages of hymnal. This trigger was not part of the business system and created the need to have a product of given characteristics. The product needed to be superior to the present bookmark, which could not serve the purpose. The other characteristic is that the product needed to maintain the state of the pages. After identification of the problem, the executive explored the available resources that could help solve the problem (Claiborne, 2007). This created an avenue for creative thinking and design for the resources that could create a product of the desired characteristics. The research team assisted in the identification of this resource or raw material to be used. The research team argues that the resource was underutilized because it was not fit for its primary purpose. This is an example how innovation can revive and improve on old and unused products into profitable state. The next stage in the innovation is the creation of prototype batch and testing or the application of the product in the market and market response. In this stage, the manger realized the product had many uses apart from bookmarking pages. In that line, he ordered the production of more sample to test these new uses through giving the new product to the secretaries. In that manner, the innovator realized the potential power of the product and this stage provided a room for review and improvement in casethe product needed such refinement (Claiborne, 2007). The last stage in the process is release of the product into the market. The manager decided to cut off the sample supply of the product and instead ordered for them placement of orders for the product in the marketing a nd production department. In exploring other uses of the product, the manager tested his new product using the secretaries of the company. In this move, the manger tested the product to identify its potential in the market. This testing provided room for feedback that would help improves the product to best achieve high potential (Claiborne, 2007). The secretaries acted as the potential customers of the product. They would provide detailed and relevant information about the product by its target customers of the product. In synthesis innovation existing ideas are put together to came up with a unique product into the market. This innovation is a synthesis; this is because the manger used a combination of existing concepts to come up with a new formulation and product. The existing factors include the adhesive that had not been due to inefficiency. Another factor that contributed the innovation is the presence of bookmarks that would have served the purpose. The bookmarks had one disadvantage of falling off from the pages (Drucker, 1999). These factors gave the characteristics of the product to be invented. First, it was to act like a bookmark in marking and identifying pages and second it was to have a mechanism of sticking onto the page so that it does not fall off. A piece of paper gave or had the characteristic of a bookmark and the adhesive would stick it onto the page. Not all adhesives would work, but only those that would maintain the quality of the page without tearing it. If the product once stack would remain in position, but not permanently. The manger synthhesized these concepts and came up with the product of post it notes. All the essential concepts of the product existed already, and none was freshly invented. The sources of innovation ideas in this case are the head of the business unit. The manger initiated the innovative process by identifying a need. Though the need was external it finally got back to the business, employees also provided another source of information. The first group of employees that provided information is that of the research and production department. They provided an insight on the products manufacturing and production possibilities. This innovation would not materialize if they had not provided that information to the manger. The information from the research department built on the success of innovation by enabling production. Secretaries are the other set of employees that provided information on this innovation. Their usage of the new product provided an insight on the possible performance of the product in the market (Drucker, 1999). They high demand of the product by secretaries of the companies departments predicted the potential and expounded on the produ cts usage application. Even though not indicated this acted as a road test for the product, after closing the free supply the manager assessed the effectiveness of cost application on the product before its releases into the market. All the sources formed a chain that the last product was a successful product innovation. In addition to that, the secretaries of departments acted as customers in providing information on the first product. This is because they apparently acted as the end users of the product. Information provided by customers includes improvements and modification of the product to best suit the different uses it intends to serve. It also provided an opportunity to identify any short falls of the product. 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Create A Winning Registered Nurse Resume!

Create A Winning Registered Nurse Resume! When you’re looking for a new position as a Registered Nurse, you want to create a resume that perfectly summarizes all you have to offer.  Of course, if you listed everything you’ve done as an RN it could fill a book–not just 1-2 pages. Let’s look at where you can start when creating a resume for RN jobs. OrganizationKeeping your resume tightly organized will make it easier hiring managers to read and follow. Create headers for important categories: Certifications, Professional Experience, Education, and Additional Skills (selling points that don’t fit into any of the other categories).Your Professional ExperienceBy far, the largest and most important section will be your Professional Experience. Nursing duties vary from job to job. That’s why, when describing your responsibilities at current and former workplaces, you’ll want to give as much specific detail as possible. Don’t just write in generalities (â€Å"Worked with ma ternity patients.†)–instead, list the exact procedures you mastered within the maternity ward. Get down to the nitty gritty. In which systems are you proficient? How many patients did you handle per shift? In which subspecialties are you well-versed? Paint a picture for prospective employers of exactly what you did at every job you list.What Makes You A Perfect Fit?Of course, space is limited. Can’t decide which specifics you should highlight? Your first reference should be the job description of the position you hope to get! What precise skills are they looking for, and what in your past history matches up with this? Put these overlaps front and center, and most importantly, be sure to change up your resume for every different job application. One resume does not fit all!Before a prospective employer sees you face-to-face, your resume has to represent all you have to offer. Think about what in your professional past makes you a perfect fit, and then get it down on paper!How to Write a Resume for a Registered Nurse JobRead More at www.careeraddict.com

Health Insurance Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Insurance Analysis Report - Essay Example Therefore, ACA ensures quality health service is affordable to people regardless of their social class. The Act requires more individuals to get a health insurance coverage that will enable them access health facilities anytime without finance problems. As the ACA health reform seeks to achieve all this it will inject many changes in the health sector. This paper, therefore, addresses the impacts ACA has brought to the Health Sector. Patient to Physician Ratio After launching the new health reform on January 1, 2014, the entire healthcare system will shake from the huge number of individuals who will insure. Congressional Budget Office estimated that 14 million uninsured young people would join the group on January 1, 2014. By the year 2021, 16 million more will enter the brackets. When the newly insured people join the health system, the doctor workload will hike as the number of doctor visits will go up. Limited funding restricts people from visiting hospitals (America’s Hea lth Insurance Plans, 2007). Besides, the health reforms anticipated will increase claim cost and cause delays in return to work. In simple language there will be issues related to scheduling of doctors’ appointments, ensuring quality healthcare, and availability of medical resources (Gruber, 2002). According to American Journal of Medical Quality published a report and projected a shortage of nurses across America between 2009 and 2030, the USA will be hit by a serious shortage of more than 90,000 physicians by 2020 and by 2025, the shortage it will upsurge to more than 130,000 (Gruber, 2002). Lastly, the health reform recommends implementation of other measures of appointments with nurses and physical assistants, which the worker’s compensation system does not recognize. Eventually, this will cause compensation issues and add client consent requirements (America’s Health Insurance Plans, 2007). Besides, ACA aims at reducing those physician`s shortages by provid ing loan-based refund programs to principal doctors and offer incentives to medical schools to increase the number of medical students (Gruber, 2002). However, the healthcare system may not see the light of the day soon until students will be under this program graduate and begin their careers. Effect on Tax-Exempt Hospitals ACA has a goal of increasing transparency concerning the payback that tax-exempt hospitals get. The act requires those hospitals to conduct a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) every three years to portray how they are carrying out their duties to meet needs of their patients (Gruber, 2002). Secondly the tax-exempt hospitals will be required to come up with a written financial assistance policy which would include criteria for eligibility to financial assistance, basis for coming up with figures charged to patients, and measures to be undertaken in case of nonpayment (America’s Health Insurance Plans, 2007). The ACA will keep those tax-exempt hospit als on toes to increase transparency for quality of care to the patients. To crown it all, the health reform recommends penalizing the tax-exempt hospital that does not meet those rules up to $50,000. Health Care Funding Through Affordable Care Act, the Health Centre Program will award new funding which consist of the following. First, Health Center Base Adjustments where the Health Resources and

Love (thats not a topic,thats reserve discount,) Essay

Love (thats not a topic,thats reserve discount,) - Essay Example It would ensure that the high number of cases of paddling in the state reduced to a lower level. In this case, the long term effect would be seen in an improved psychological state of students since they would not live in fear of the paddle. The bill was made law after it had passed all the process that bills go through before being considered a law. The bill was signed in the Senate and the House on the same date (27th may 2011). It was later sent to the governor’s office who signed it on the 17th June 2011. However, it became effective on 1st September 2011. If I was a member of the legislature, I would have voted for bill since corporal punishment is not the best alternative for disciplining errant students. It is an archaic way of instilling disciplines to students and does not play any role in their education. Furthermore, spanking or paddling causes pain to students and this may affect them psychologically instead of making them quit their bad

Investing in Human Capital Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investing in Human Capital - Coursework Example Employees are seen as assets current and future value which can be improved through investing resources on them, especially knowledge. Organizations which upholds these practices always communicate to their employee on a regular basis.   The practice of employee’s security is the one that is surprising. The business world is rapidly changing and companies are embracing policies that not only affect the operations of the organization but also the employees. It is for this reason that employees need a guarantee that despite the internal changes that occur within a given organization will not affect them. If however they are affected negatively, then, the organization would be able to compensate them accordingly. Employee security takes place in many forms for instance, in manufacturing industries where employee are exposed to machines every day, there are risks involved. Some of them include the risk if being cut by machines, exposure to chemical compounds among other. The employer of such an organization must ensure that his employees have medical assurances and cover. This will motivate employees to keep working in spite of the unconducive working environment. This is because, in case of an accident, the company will be liable and they will not have to dig their pockets to cater for any medical expenditure. Employment status of an employee is also a security to them. During the time of economic booms, many companies employ a lot of people. On the other hand, during the recession, these organizations dismiss a lot of employees. This is discouraging and such organization ends up building bad image and this may lead to its collapse.

The five marketing orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The five marketing orientation - Essay Example The five marketing orientation The production concept is one of the oldest system in the world which in the United States began to proliferate itself after the industrial revolution. The typical production company is dedicated to some form of manufacturing activity. Based on the production concept customer react based on the law of supply and demand in which price is a determining factor of the desire of a customer to acquire an item (Varian, 2003). As lower prices the demand of a product increases, thus the production of the company increases in accordance. The management teams in company following the production concept emphasis on improving the operating efficiency of the firm to lower costs and streamline the operation in all aspects of its supply chain. The supply chain of a company is the network of distributors, transporters, storage facilities, and suppliers that participate in the sale, delivery, and production of a product. The production concept can be applied to service companies. A second strategic marketing orientation is the product concept. The product concept stipulates that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features (Kotler, 2002). A company adds value to its business by make improvement and enhancements to its featured products. An example of this application be can be seen in the company Sony. One of the most popular products of the company is its portable playstation system (PSP).

Quality of Life principles by the Toronto Real Estate Board Scholarship Essay

Quality of Life principles by the Toronto Real Estate Board - Scholarship Essay Example Rooted with the goal to increase the peoples’ awareness that they are part of the community, they aimed to make people see that they do not only want to sell houses but even more – that they hope to create communities where people can live, work, and do other stuffs in a peaceful, safe and clean place (Ontario Real Estate Association REALTORS ® â€Å"Quality of† 2). In realizing these goals, they founded the program with five major principles of â€Å"protecting economic vitality, providing housing opportunities, preserving the environment, protecting property owners, and building better communities† (Ontario Real Estate Association REALTORS ® â€Å"REALTOR ® Guide† 1). They believe, however, that these are broad and needs to be furnished more. Hence, the founders suggested that other realtors who want to apply these principles can modify the program according to the situation of each place. Getting involved in local issues. Because real estate agents are involved in selling homes, they are responsible in knowing the condition of the place and the people as a whole. They can make an action plan that will involve the local police, municipal government, the media as well as the rest of the community in tackling important issues that can affect the quality of life. Visibility can be appreciated if realtors can provide significant contributions concerning the issue and not only tackle it. Instance like recommending to the government that the homebuyers’ provincial land transfer taxes be reduced is one (Flood). Supporting the Government’s Plan. One of the innovations that are given focus by Mcguinty government as per report is to â€Å"create jobs today to prepare a strong economy for tomorrow† (Ontario Ministry of Finance 1). Moreover, an agreement that gives financial support to allow affordable housing was already signed in the year 2005 in partnership with homeownership

The five marketing orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The five marketing orientation - Essay Example The five marketing orientation The production concept is one of the oldest system in the world which in the United States began to proliferate itself after the industrial revolution. The typical production company is dedicated to some form of manufacturing activity. Based on the production concept customer react based on the law of supply and demand in which price is a determining factor of the desire of a customer to acquire an item (Varian, 2003). As lower prices the demand of a product increases, thus the production of the company increases in accordance. The management teams in company following the production concept emphasis on improving the operating efficiency of the firm to lower costs and streamline the operation in all aspects of its supply chain. The supply chain of a company is the network of distributors, transporters, storage facilities, and suppliers that participate in the sale, delivery, and production of a product. The production concept can be applied to service companies. A second strategic marketing orientation is the product concept. The product concept stipulates that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features (Kotler, 2002). A company adds value to its business by make improvement and enhancements to its featured products. An example of this application be can be seen in the company Sony. One of the most popular products of the company is its portable playstation system (PSP).

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 18

Strategic management - Essay Example This tool has proved to be effective for both business and non-business organizations. This paper aims at evaluating the concept of the Triple Bottom Lineand discussing whether this tool is of importance to businesses. When taking a first look at triple bottom line as a tool for measuring sustainability someone might have the opinion that it is a very naà ¯ve notion. However, this is not always the case when people get a complete understanding of how triple bottom line works and how it is used in measuring sustainability in various contexts (Milne & Gray 2013, p. 25). Triple bottom line has proved to be an effective method for measuring business sustainability and have been used by organizations with varying structure, strategies, and cultures. A business organization that uses triple bottom line as a tool for measuring their sustainability will obviously take into consideration the effect that their activities might have on the people that they are either directly or indirectly involved with. In this way they always have to make sure that all their stakeholders have a good opinion about them. Getting to know this is very important because stakeholders are the people who keep companies in business. Having unhappy stakeholders will definitely affect a business organization’s financial performance (Cohen, Smith & Mitchell 2008, p. 115). Therefore, before a firm focuses much on their financial performance they should make are that their stakeholders are comfortable with the way things are being done in the organization. Despite the fact that the concept of people bottom-line might be attractive, it should be noted that there is always a challenge when it comes to making decisions on how far a business organization should go in terms of making their stakeholders comfortable. It is also not easy when deciding which of the stakeholders should be included in this list and how far a company should go with

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Information for Soap Notes Essay Associate Level Material Case Study Information for SOAP Notes Read the following three patient visits. Rewrite the information using correct medical terminology. The visits below are written in layman’s terms and do not use the correct medical terminology. Re-write the information in medical terms for the charts. You must determine where the information is to be placed in the SOAP note. Patient One – Chapter Six 22-year-old African American female 140/60 BP 99 F Pulse is 38 Breathing is 22 per minute Patient states she is not on any medicine at the time Patient states her reason for the visit is she is having severe back pain for 5 days now Past has been told she has sickle cell anemia Physician tells patient they are going to draw blood and give her IV with fluids. Physician states the IV will contain something for the pain Blood work showed white blood cells 4300, hemoglobin 13. 1 g/dL, hematocrit 39. 9%, platelets 162,000, segs 65. 9, lymphs 27, monos 3. 4 Physician observes patient is alert Physician finds that head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat are okay Physician determines the patient is having a sickle cell crisis Physician finds that the patient has numbness in hands and feet Patient states she just has not been feeling well lately She reports â€Å"I do not test my levels daily with that machine it hurts so I just base my levels on how well I feel† Physician observes that the patient has some discoloration of her skin Physician sees that the head, eyes, ears, nose and throat are okay Physician hears that the heart sounds good, nothing sounds off Physician wants patient to come to the office in 1 month Physician tells patient to start using the machine to test her blood and record the results and bring with her to next visit

The Century Closed The World Became Smaller Information Technology Essay

The Century Closed The World Became Smaller Information Technology Essay As the century closed, the world became smaller. The public rapidly gained access to new and dramatically faster communication technologies. Entrepreneurs, able to draw on unprecedented scale economies, built vast empires. Great fortunes were made. The government demanded that these powerful new monopolists be held accountable under antitrust law. Every day brought forth new technological advances to which the old business models seemed no longer to apply. Yet, somehow, the basic laws of economics asserted themselves. Those who mastered these laws survived in the new environment. Those who did not, failed. Purpose The purpose of this Master Thesis is to analyze the transportation and logistics industry and examine how eBusiness has affected this industry. We will study the changes that have already occurred as well as entry to identify possible future eBusiness trends as well as changes within the industry. Delimitation The expression electronic commerce usually refers to exchange that utilizes an electronic channel for communication between buyer and seller. This electronic channel could be for instance EDI or the Internet. The focus of this thesis is, however, only exchange that uses the Internet. We therefore use the expression eBusiness. We define eBusiness as exchange that is enabled or facilitated by the use of the Internet in the buyer-supplier relation. Method In this section the methods of work that have been used in our analysis will be explained. Triangulation has been used as a mean for combining the different quantitative and qualitative methods used in order to illustrate the problem from several different angles. The purpose of this was to improve the analysis results validation. Tackling the problem from several directions has also improved our knowledge of the same. The three methods we have chosen are review of literature, questionnaire sent to companies in the industry and case studies. The main reason for choosing these methods was to get a broad understanding of the industry situation and include as many relevant factors as possible into our analysis. This way we reduce the risk of missing important aspects because of limitations in our frames of reference and our analytical tools. Theoretical framework One of the most discussed issues today is the new digital economy. We are living in and doing business in a world where information and ideas are the new capital. The key driver of this economic shift is the Internet, hence the term digital economy. The Internet has wielded this power because it has introduced two essential changes that together are turning industries inside out. These two changes are: 1. The Internet makes unprecedented amounts of information available more easily, universally and cheaply than ever before. 2. The Internet creates a universal and instant connection. A connection between people, between business and their customers and between business and their partners. These two central changes have in turn generated a host of new change factors that businesses must come to terms with. Figure1 shows how new communication technology affects different areas within a company that in turn leads to changed industry structure. This also illustrates the structure of the theoretical also illustrates the structure of the theoretical approach. One can summaries the literature written on eBusiness into three major areas that are highly important in business making. Areas that all have been affected by the use of the Internet: industrial relations, business efficiency and products. There are also other significant changes that the Internet have given rise to and/or driven further ahead, which are described in Other the Internet Driven Effects. EBUSINESS AFFECTS RELATIONS To understand and intelligently attack industrial marketing problems, a number of substantial differences between industrial and consumer marketing must be recognized. These differences are often of degree rather than kind, but the degrees of differences are substantial. Marketing in the industrial world is much more a general management responsibility than it is in the consumer-products field. In a consumer goods company major changes in marketing strategy can be made and carried out within the marketing department. EBUSINESS AND PRODUCTS Every business today competes in two worlds: a physical world of resources and a virtual world made of information1. The latter has given rise to the world of eBusiness, a new locus of value creation. The value chain in the physical world treats information as a supporting element of the value-added process, not as a source of value itself. By gathering, organizing and distributing the information received from the market space, companies can use it to create new products and new value for customers in the virtual value chain. In this work Product is used as a metaphor for products or services. The nature of products can therefore be both tangible and intangible. Often a companys subject of exchange is part product and part service. One of the most noticeable consequences of the economic shift of paradigm today is that the part of a product that is service or information becomes larger and larger. In many industries not widely considered information businesses, information actually r epresents a large percentage of the cost structure1. Investments in the electronic channel displace traditional sales, marketing and service costs; moreover, the technology allows companies to offer increasingly higher levels of service without incurring incremental costs for each transaction2. Also today, knowledge and information are the prime commodities, either as the main object of transactions or as very important component of them The Internet and differentiation The competitive situation on the Internet is often described as perfect competition. What are the consequences of this? According to economic theories, firms competing on a market characterized as perfect competition will, in the long-run equilibrium, make zero economic profit4. Very few companies want to compete on a market without economic profit. Companies should therefore avoid competing solely on the basis of price. Consequently, the issue of differentiation will be more important in eBusiness. A well-known way to differentiate products is by adding services to the original offering. A companys offering can therefore, if associated with the right services, be more valuable to a customer than a competitors equivalent product. The Internet could for example be used to provide value-adding information or services to buyers of a tangible product, thus differentiating it from competitors. The Internet and diversification The Internet can be seen as a platform for innovation. It is a way to produce new combinations of information and products/services without incurring the traditional costs of complexity that exists in the physical world. For instance, information that arises from a companys traditional business can be gathered and used to serve new customer segments. Standard Poors Corporation, a company that traditionally provided financial information to institutional customers, uses its stored information to provide financial planning services to private customers over the Net. INCREASED BUSINESS EFFICIENCY One of the major reasons for the immense interest for eBusiness today is that it has great influence on business efficiency. The primary reason for this is the fact that eBusiness can decrease transaction costs, i.e. the costs related to administrating each purchase. Together with the way the Internet lets companies integrate and organize their flow of information we get a winning concept for lowering costs and increasing efficiency. Consequently, the Internet can increase efficiency in complete supply chains, thus increasing the capacity in whole networks. The Internet also increases the transparency of markets and thereby enables buyers to compare products and prices quickly and easily. This puts them in a better bargaining position and shifts the information advantage from sellers to buyers. Hence, the Internet might induce lowered costs for companies purchasing online and therefore indirectly affect the efficiency. Transaction costs One of the most significant effects of eBusiness is that transaction costs decrease. Transaction costs are most important in business to business cases as consumers not are directly afflicted with costs for spending more time while shopping. However, as the lowered costs move down the value chain, in the end the consumer will benefit as well. IMPLICATIONS OF EBUSINESS What are the implications of eBusiness on B2B relations? We have presented a review of how affects B2B relations. We would now like to summaries this and at the same time point out the main issues of eBusiness. These will later on be used as a base for our analysis of the transportation and logistics industry Relationships We believe the Internet as a relationship enabler is of such importance that it needs to be dealt with specifically. The Internet can affect a companys relations with customers, suppliers, partners and community. eBusiness and products The Internet allows firms to create both new and enhanced products and services. Creating new services is made possible by the Internets capacity for transferring large amounts of data cost-effectively. Also, the Internets geographical reach and propensity to connect people and companies give rise to new products and services. Consequently, eBusiness can be new business. Moreover, eBusiness can affect profits. Increased Business Efficiency One of the major reasons for the immense interest for eBusiness today is that it has great influence on business efficiency. There are primarily two reasons for this. First, the Internet lets companies integrate and organize their flow of information. Second, eBusiness can decrease transaction costs, i.e. the costs related to administrating each purchase. Consequently, the Internet can increase efficiency in complete supply chains or networks. INDUSTRYDESCRIPTION Mankind has always depended upon the means of transportation and the development of transport systems is directly associated with the expansion of civilization. Moreover, there has always been connection between production, trading and transportation. Even the old Egyptian Pharaohs realized the value in having a well functioning net of transports and their usage of the Nile can now be recognized as the foundation of their empire1. The first city in Sweden also developed by waterways since traffic on water was a condition for the existence and growth of cities in these days2. Since a geographical area, city or nation alone cannot produce all the goods demanded, a need for transports to import the missing goods arises. The specific area can also export their surplus to other regions that lack these goods and a two-way flow has thereby occurred. After a while, regions will start to specialize, i.e. they will produce the goods that will give them the most comparative advantage3. Speciali zation makes efficiencies through economies of scale and economies of experience possible, which in turn can lower costs. This makes it possible for companies to ship their products even further away. The larger production volumes also demand larger markets, which is why companies look abroad to sell their products. THE EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION Up until the beginning of the nineteenth century, shipping was the most important mean of transportation. Then the industrialism started to sweep the continent and by the division of labor and automation, companies could now mass-produce goods using economies of scale, which demanded larger markets as mentioned earlier. This required a well working transportation net, which made the railroad the most effective means of transportation4. The railroad was needed in order to deliver raw material to factories and to distribute produced goods to the markets. LOGISTIC QUALITY Over the years vendors have noticed that buyers tolerance for errors is getting smaller and logistics managers everywhere are being put under pressure because of this. Quality is important to supply-chain thinking because, literally, the supply chain is no better than its weakest link. Whichever link in the supply chain is responsible for questionable quality will be the first eliminated1.Quality has always been important to logistic operators, and today nearly all companies appear to be in the pursuit of high quality. There are several reasons for this2. One is the just-in-time (JIT) concept, which leaves no spare stores to fall back on in case a defect is found. A second is the replacement of mechanical devices by electronic ones with the latter being much more accurate. A third reason is that as possibilities for partnership arrangements present themselves. Companies are wary of being linked to a supplier that does not share similar ideas or believes about quality measures or conc epts. THE NEED FOR INFORMATION IN THE INDUSTRY The main purposes of goods transports are to deliver material or products from one location to another at a required moment. The transportation process therefore generates a flow of goods. To accomplish the transportation mission satisfactorily there is a great need for information. Case study: Schenker-BTL BTL is an acronym for Bilspedition Transport and Logistics. The Compan was one of the dominating transportation companies in Sweden for a long time. Now BTL has been merged with Schenker AG and formed Schenker-BTL. BTL is thereby part of one of the largest transportation companies in Europe. THE COMPANY We will in this section give a brief description of Schenker-BTL (from now on referred to as S-BTL). It is however, difficult to find accurate and updated information about the new company. Even the employees seem to be confused about the structure of their company. Due to the transformation the company is going through much of the information found in annual reports is inaccurate. Also, as a consequence of the new ownership, there will be no new annual reports or interim reports released from S-BTL. Our description is at large based on information obtained through interviews and information form the corporate website. The purpose is to give the reader a rough description of the companys size and business. EBUSINESS There are two major approaches to eBusiness for S-BTL. The Internet strategy is primarily focused on providing logistic support for companies that want to do eBusiness. Moreover, S-BTLs offers services related to its pure transportation business on the corporate website. We have analyzed how S-BTL uses the Internet to create new business and add value to the traditional services. We will first describe how S-BTL uses its website, then we discuss S-BTL as a logistical partner in eBusiness. SUMMARY United Parcel Service (UPS) is one of the worlds largest express carrier and package delivery companies. The company was founded in 1907 in the USA and today operates an international small package and document network in more than 200 countries and territories. Every day UPS delivers more than 12 million packages and documents. Since the company serves a global market with its transportation services and in order to reach its customers quickly, UPS has turned to information technology and electronic commerce to help them gain a leadership position. THE SURVEY As a part of our work with analyzing how the Internet affects the transportation industry we have sent out a survey to 82 of the companies in this industry. We chose the companies that are members of the Swedish International Freight Association and that have a web site. The purpose of the survey is to investigate how Swedish transportation companies use the Internet and what sort of problems it brings. We do not intend to make any quantitative conclusions for the industry as such since the sample of companies is to narrow. The survey will simply act as a guideline to the future the Internet usage in the transportation industry THE QUESTIONS The questions were divided into five areas: historical and future changes, strategy, prime movers, purpose, problems and miscellaneous. In the first two we intended to find out what the companies in the industry thought of the Internet, how it had affected their business making and what might happen in the future. The following four questions were asked to indicate the purpose of an Internet investment, which was behind it and what problems it brought along. The last question was about other significant trends in the industry that are not entirely connected to the Net but still important for the industrys future. CONCLUSIONS Until now, the Internet has primarily been perceived as a communication tool, both for internal as well as external use. This is also regarded to be of future importance though the companies also see the Net as a way to attract new customers. Another field of application for the Internet is marketing as well as a tool for development of new products and/or increasing their values. Only half of the companies in the survey seem to have a specific the Internet strategy whereas the other half has not. However, at a majority of the companies, the Internet related issues are often discussed on top management level leading us to believe that the industry has realized the Nets importance. An explanation to why the Internet has not had a serious breakthrough yet might be the Y2K problem. A total of 78 percent held this as a more important issue. Nevertheless, most companies consider the Internet to be a natural part of future strategies and significant for future competitive advantage. For mo st companies, the prime movers for an Internet investment have been either top management or a specific person at their company. The purposes of the investment were to attract new customers, improve customer service, and increase the value on services, sales and to satisfy to customers expectations. However, not as many as we expected claimed the purpose of the investment to be efficiency improvements. The majority of the companies did not appear to have any specific problems with their Internet investment. Not even the complexity, security and reliability issues seem to be major obstacles. Neither do the companies believe that the Internet usage will reduce the personal contacts. Still, many feel that it is difficult to measure the effects of their investment. The future trends appear to be at home deliveries and logistics management. However, fewer than we anticipated thinks that single sourcing and Net-based transportation exchange firms would have a significant impact on the transportation industry. Analysis One of the most noticeable consequences of eBusiness is that new Business models emerge. The emerging eBusiness models are a result of the new technological possibilities for communication and the new possibilities for creating products and services that the Internet brings about. This has been noted in several industries and the transportation and logistics industry is no different. We have found that companies in this industry go about eBusiness in three ways. We will discuss each of these as a model of eBusiness. The models are. 1. The first model includes companies that use the Internet for customer interaction. Usually this means that regular off-line services are marketed on a corporate website. We call this model Classic Services. 2. Logistic Providers for eBusiness firms. Companies develop and operate logistic solutions for firms that sell goods on the web. Generally involves delivering to consumers, i.e. at home deliveries. 3. New business models that are completely the Internet-based. Companies in this group has no physical assets, the concept is to connect buyers and sellers of transportation services.à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Classic Services The first business model to be discussed in the analysis is the classic services model. As the name implies, this eBusiness model is about marketing classic transportation services on the Internet. They are classic in the sense that most of the Internet services are originally offered off-line. This analysis will describe the services and examples on how the companies in our case studies use them will be given. We will also discuss how the Internet is used for communicating and some of the problems related to the classic services. The Internet services The services offered by the companies in this group are usually regular off-line services that have been converted to the Internet. Common services are booking, tracking and timetables, thus, services that traditionally have been handled via telephone or fax. The customer is often required to register to use the services. We will now give a few examples of regular services. Communication The companies in the classic groups use their websites for communicating with both customers and community. Usually the company and its services are presented along with press and investor information. Moreover, most companies give information on how to reach them and some also answers to frequently asked questions have. Using the Internet for communicating company information is a fast and effective channel and should therefore not be neglected CONCLUSIONS This chapter will present our conclusions on how the transportation and logistics industry has been affected by eBusiness. We will also present our view of how eBusiness will evolve in this industry. The results exhibited in this chapter are based on the case studies and the survey, which have been presented throughout this thesis The most significant effect of eBusiness is that new business models emerge. These models are a result of the new technological possibilities for communication and the new possibilities for creating products and services that the Internet brings about. We have found three different eBusiness models in the transportation and logistics industry. We refer to these as Classic Services and Logistic Providers. The Classic Services eBusiness model is about marketing classic transportation services on the Internet. The Classic Services group of companies is the dominating one in our case studies. Common services are booking, tracking and timetables, thus, services that traditionally have been handled via telephone or fax. The usage of the services is generally very low. The services found in this group are seldom very innovative. Still, we regard the booking and tracking services to have a great potential both for increased efficiency as well as enhanced customer service, but the concepts has to be reworked in order to attract more customers. The customers booking process has to be assessed in order to establish how the Internet is best utilized to simplify the customers situation. Also, companies need to attend the problem of how reach the efficiency increases that the Internet enables without losing the social contact and trust that the customers demand. Being a Logistic Provider implies t hat the transportation and logistics company provides services such as: warehousing, inventory control, assembling and distribution to their clients. The transportation companies believe that strategic partnering with the Internet retailers has the greatest potential in eBusiness, this because the Internet shopping is believed to grow immensely over the next few years. Now the Internet start-ups are also considered to be more inclined to outsource the logistic operations than most traditional businesses. The biggest change that the Internet business has brought about for the industry is the increase of at home deliveries. The important issues in this new business are time of delivery (evenings), payment, capacity, utilization and logistic efficiency. The future All of the companies that we have studied are industry pioneers in the Field of eBusiness. We believe that other companies in the industry will go about eBusiness in the same way as the companies that we have described. The future will show which models that are profitable. We believe that the Classic Services model will gain in popularity as more transportation companies and customers realize the potential for efficiency increases this model has. Yet, there do not seem to be any plans to extend the range of offered services. Some companies believe that technological developments will enable further increases in efficiency and enhanced service. We also expect that an increasing number of small and medium sized firms will discover how the Internet can be used for connecting complete value chains. The Internet can thereby transform the way that third party logistics is performed. The future of the Logistic Providers is set by the rate at which the Internet trade grows. Though, this growth is to some extent due to how well the at home delivery services are developed. The marketplace Models will probable need a few years to show results. The success of this model is depending on a cumbersome change in both attitude and behavior of transport firms and customers.