Whose Life Is It Anyway

Introduction In the United States, genetic information is generally defined as personal property. Different states, however, use different wordings to imply the same meaning as far as defining genetic information is concerned. In Colorado, genetic information is regarded as the unique property of an individual (Patel, Roger Haux, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Whose Life Is It Anyway? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Florida, the results of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are the exclusive property of an individual. Louisiana provides that an insured’s genetic information is the property of the individual while in Oregon, an individual’s genetic information and DNA sample are the property of the individual except in circumstances where the sample or information is used in anonymous research. According to Thompson and Chadwick (1999), genetic information is considered to be exclusively p ersonal and will enable scientists to identify each human being as genetically unique. It also provides a means to predict to some degree an individual’s future life especially in terms of physical and mental well being. Genetic information often reveals predictors of undesirable sicknesses such as cancer and other conditions that lead to mental illness (Thompson Chadwick, 1999). Access to Personal Genetic Information Due to concerns about the ways in which certain uses of personal genetic information can lead to various kinds of harm to persons, efforts have been made to come up with genetic specific laws (Tavani, 2006). In the United States, various laws exist to protect individuals against having their genetic information used in ways that can adversely affect their lives. The affected individuals may fail to secure employment or they may be denied access to medical insurance. According to Tavani (2006), a total of 41 states in the United States had enacted legislation on genetic discrimination by the year 2006 and 31 others had enacted legislation on genetic discrimination at the work place. Tavani (2006) identified two theories that are associated with informational privacy; the control theory and the restricted access theory. Under the control theory, an individual has privacy if and only if he or she has control over personal information. The restricted access theory states that one has privacy when access to information about him or her is limited or restricted in certain contexts. The control theory recognizes the fact that it is up to an individual to decide who should have access to his or her personal information. An individual can also choose to deny others access to his or her personal information. Restricted access theory on the other hand recognizes the importance of setting up contexts or zones of privacy (Tavani, 2006).Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More According to Speaker, Lindee and Hanson (1993), the human genome project poses serious ethical, legal and social problems. Questions such as how information about genetic conditions which can be diagnosed, but not treated, will be handled and about who should have access to genetic information about individuals are of great concern to stake holders (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). Research has indicated that many institutions could use new genetic information to exercise control over individuals. Schools, health insurers and the criminal justice system have a stake in predicting and controlling behavior and knowledge of the genetic characteristics of individuals. Based on the genetic information, vulnerable people could be excluded from insurance coverage or students may be put in different academic categories. Some scientists involved in the genome project have suggested that the advantage of a complete genetic map is that it will permit the analysis of the in heritance of traits such as intelligence, personality and mental illness (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). Obviously, personal genetic information is personal property and belongs to individuals. However, genetic data may be accessed by different people who by law are allowed to handle such information. These include doctors, insurers, scientists, employers and government agencies. Using Personal Genetic Information According to Speaker, Lindee and Hanson (1993), the fact that genetic information will be used seems indisputable. However, how it will be used remains debatable. It is thus critical to have the issue of ethical implications to the use of genetic information dealt with as fast as possible. As explained earlier, genetic information may be used by different institutions or people and for varying reasons. Scientists will use the information to determine the characteristics of individuals and predict their future behavior, schools may use genetic information to figure out how to categorize students based on their intelligence level and insurers will use it to check whether or not an individual should be insured (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). Relationship between Personal Genetic Information, Individuals and Society Many people are afraid that genetic information may be used by institutions against them. Insurers for example, may end up using genetic data to give medical cover selectively. Children at school may also be discriminated on the basis of genetic information (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Whose Life Is It Anyway? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When information about people’s genetic information is let out into the public domain, the society may start creating categories that could have devastating effects on people. Based on personal genetic information, people may be singled out and treated very unfairly by others. Accordi ng to Jeffords (1998), researchers are particularly concerned that the fear of being discriminated will prevent individuals from participating in research studies or taking advantage of new genetic technologies to improve their medical care. Although scientific research guarantees higher quality of medical care in the future, Jeffords notes that it is only the federal legislation that can assure the public that whatever information is gathered about them is safe (Jeffords, 1998). According to Sateesh (2008), genetic discrimination may be experienced at the work place. He also cites concerns that insurers will use genetic information to deny, limit or cancel insurance policies while employers will use genetic information against existing workers or to screen potential employees. Given that DNA samples can be held indefinitely, there is the added threat that the samples will be used for purposes other than those for which they were collected (Sateesh, 2008). While in power, US Preside nt Bill Clinton signed an executive order prohibiting every federal department and agency from using genetic information in any hiring or promotion action. The order prohibits federal employers from requiring genetic tests as a condition of being hired or using genetic information to classify employees in a manner that deprives them of future opportunities. The order also provides strong privacy protections to any genetic information used for medical treatment and research (Sateesh, 2008). Effect of Genetic Information on Members of Minority Communities Researchers have argued that it is not possible for one to foresee all culturally specific risks that a minority group may face. This may be linked to the fact that minority community members’ perceptions of these risks may have been heightened by their historical experiences of being economically and politically disadvantaged with respect to the majority in the society (Sateesh, 2008). The differences in power and privileges between researchers and socially defined populations that lack significant economic and political resources may affect the ability of the latter to fully conceptualize and negotiate the conditions for research participation, and to take effective action on any subsequent concerns about sample misuse and adverse interpretations of genetic findings (Sateesh, 2008). Because of differences in economic power, researchers may be discouraged from using genetic tests and samples from minority communities. For this reason, community involvement and consultation are very critical during the planning stage of any genetic research. According to Trull (2002), genetic counseling in ethnic minority communities often requires the assistance of a knowledgeable member of the same community.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any efforts from a stranger to penetrate the community may meet serious opposition and from the community members. The confidence of the minority community members can only be guaranteed when one of their own is involved. Part of the time set apart for the research must therefore be used wisely to try and win support from the community. Failure to do this will lead to poor response and a waste of time and resources (Trull, 2002). Murphy and Lappà © (1994) noted that no question is more pressing from the viewpoint of ethnic and racial minorities than understanding the ways in which new genetic knowledge will shape their self understanding and social standing. Concerns raised include whether the knowledge generated by the genome project should be used to identify, classify or label racial or ethnic groups or to establish the boundaries of their membership. When screening programs are undertaken for different groups of people, there are worries as to whether or not traditional, cultur al and political definitions of race should prevail. Minority groups seek to know if the information generated by the genome project will be used to draw new, more precise boundaries regarding membership in existing groups or if individuals who have tried to break their ties with ethnic or racial groups will be forced to confront their biological ancestry and lineage in ways that go against their own self perception and the lives they have built with others (Murphy Lappà ©, 1994). This is particularly important in places where homelands are established based on political considerations or the beliefs of social scientists about minority ethnic identities (Gorenburg, 2003). Conclusion Genetic information has tremendous social power (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). The wide variety of laws and sources of laws, present a challenge to administer and follow the applicable law or laws. However, protection of genetic information is a major concern for the public and must be handled carefu lly (Patel, Roger Haux, 2001). Rapid advances in genetic research and the emerging applications to medical practice have increased public awareness and public concerns about people that should have access to this information and how it will be used. Even with medical records privacy and confidentiality laws available in some places, possible loss of one’s genetic privacy can greatly influence an individual’s decision to undergo genetic testing. In the year 2001, researchers discovered that about 86% of people surveyed in the United States were concerned that insurers and employers might use genetic information against them (Patel, Roger Haux, 2001). It is quite unfair to allow genetic information to be used to cause harm to an individual (Paola, Walker Nixon, 2009). As a result, those involved with the maintenance and protection of genetic information face a daunting task of ensuring that they provide the protections allowed by their state laws and the Federal gover nment regulations. References Gorenburg, D. P. (2003). Minority ethnic mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Jeffords, J. M. (1998). Genetic Information and Health Care: Hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing. Murphy, T. F. Lappà ©, M. (1994). Justice and the Human Genome Project. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Paola, F. A., Walker, R. Nixon, L. L. (2009). Medical Ethics and Humanities. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Patel, V. H., Roger, R. Haux, R. (2001). MEDINFO: proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Medical Informatics, Part 2. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Sateesh, M. K. (2008). Bioethics and Biosafety. New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt Ltd Speaker, S. L., Lindee, M. S. Hanson, E. (1993). A guide to the Human Genome Project: technologies, people, and institutions. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. Tavani, H. T. (2006). Ethics, com puting, and genomics. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Thompson, A. K. Chadwick, R. F. (1999). Genetic information: Acquisition, Access, and Control. New York: Springer. Trull, A. K. (2002). Biomarkers of Disease: An Evidence-Based Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. This term paper on Whose Life Is It Anyway? was written and submitted by user Salvador Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample APA Engineering Essay

Sample APA Engineering EssayWhile some online APA tutorial providers provide a sample APA engineering essay, the company may be non-comparable. For one thing, they do not necessarily meet the criteria for all kinds of essay topics. If you want a little insight into the topic and its requirements, then it is recommended that you visit a website that provides that service.In terms of what you would find on a sample APA essay, there are many topics. There is a general concept of the APA, and it also deals with regulations that outline how different industries handle samples and sample applications. For example, a sample APA is one that is used in an investigation, patent, or copyright examination. It is simply the evidence for the application that is supplied to the examiner to determine if the application is worthy of being granted.There are several items to consider when selecting a sample that will meet your needs. First, the employer that is willing to give you a sample should be re sponsible enough to provide documentation that can be verified. If the organization that is looking for a sample does not have documentation of its own, then you will need to contact the Association of Professional Engineers and Technicians to see if there is documentation available.There are several essay topics you can choose from. This can be used as a guideline for how specific topics work, but you may also use a topic that is more specific to your field. The types of topics that are most commonly used include the following:Now you know some of the topics that are available. If you still have questions about what the sample APA engineering essay actually means, then you will need to seek out a professional APA instructor to help you decipher the issues. As you work through your essays, there are some helpful resources you can refer to for further assistance.Even if you choose to go with a sample APA engineering essay, you may find that it is too technical for you to understand. This is why it is important to ensure that the essay is well written. First, make sure that the letter is not overly technical. Make sure that it is complete and persuasive so that you get the proper results.If you choose to write your own APA engineering essay, there are several advantages that you will find. You will be able to express yourself and explain concepts in a more detailed way than you would be able to with a standard essay, as well as retain more of your ideas once you have finished your work.

Policy Analysis and Ethics

Policy Analysis and Ethics Describe the policy issue then the rational choice process applied in your public agency Policy Issue Formulation and implementation of policies is a very complex and detailed process because of the variables involved. Public policy makers have many variables and alternatives to compare before making up their minds on what policy to formulate and implement. Kingdon simplified the art of public policy making into four stages:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Analysis and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The setting of the agenda; the specification of alternatives from which a choice is to be made; an authoritative choice among those specified alternatives, as in a legislative vote or a presidential decision; and the implementation of the decision. (Kingdon 3) Kingdon argued that the process of policy making entails three processes: â€Å"problems, policies and politics† (16). In the first process, agenda is set when there is a dramatic event that leads to some agenda being set up. More often than not, according to Kingdon, agenda which come up in this manner (through a problem) are often the wrong ones. The manner in which a government acts sometimes is considered not appropriate for a given condition. Another process which defines policy making process is the accumulation of knowledge which in the long run makes inclination of policy towards favoring such knowledge. Lastly, the political processes also affect the setting of the agenda in a significant manner: â€Å"swings of national mood, vagaries of public opinion, elections results, changes of administration, and turnover in Congress all may have powerful effects† (Kingdon 17). In summary, Kingdon pointed out that the three processes -â€Å"problem recognition, generation of policy proposals, and political events† – may turn out to be a thrust or a restraint: As an impetus, items are promoted to highe r agenda prominence, as ‘when a new administration makes possible the emergence of a new battery of proposals. As a constraint, items are prevented from rising on the agenda, as when a budget constraint operates to rule out the emergence of items that are perceived as being too costly. Some items may not arise on the agenda because of the financial cost, the lack of acceptance by the public, the opposition of powerful of interests, or simply because they are less pressing than other items in the competition for attention. (Kingdon 17)Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Rational Choice Process As already discussed above, policy making is a process confronted with many influencing forces. Ways have been formulated to give guidance on which policy is to be formulated. The rational choice process is among the ways which are used to decide on which policy is to be formula ted and implemented (â€Å"Rational choice† par. 1). The rational choice process tends to make the process of policy making one which will bring about changes that are required (Bueno de Mesquita par. 1). In applying this method, values or objectives are clarified. This clarification makes it possible to ensure a policy will address the actual problem it was meant to, in other words, the means of analysis starts from the end: â€Å"first the ends are isolated, then the means to achieve them are sought† (Lindblom 81). The process of analyzing is carried out in a comprehensive manner with every detail that has significance being put into consideration. This method has a heavy reliance on theory (Lindblom 81). Do you see bureaucrats in your office just ‘muddling through’? Public offices more often than not have to deal with conflicting interests. These interests are more pronounced when it comes to policy formulation which affects different parties. The parti es which are to be affected are likely to exert pressure by whichever means to ensure that the policy formulated is such that it benefits a certain party. This kind of influence is often bad as it leads to formulation of policies which are discriminatory in addressing issues which are affecting the general public. Such influences should be countered to ensure that policies are formulated to benefit the general public and not a section of the public. Formulation of policies in my public agency has a fixed procedure that is followed. This procedure is meant to ensure that the process of policy formulation is free from ridicule and above all that the policy is formulated in such a way that it addresses the main problem affecting the general public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Analysis and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bureaucracy therefore is not an issue in our office. The transparency in our offi ce helps to ensure that all the processes especially on formulation of policies is open to all the public for scrutiny. The agency is also committed to serving all the Californians in the best manner possible. Through processes such as the 3Cs and the 5 Ps, the agency ensures that policy formulation is carried out in a rational manner. In my public agency, there is the standard operating precedence (SOP). This is a procedure which has to be followed in all legislative procedures. This implies that no short cuts can be taken when it is necessary to save on time. SOP makes it hard to make fast decisions in the cases of emergencies or any other situations which require very quick decisions. What code of ethics or accountability mechanisms exists in your public agency? Holders of public offices ought to uphold integrity in the line of duty. Since they are dealing with public wealth and issues which influence the general public, public officials should ensure that their administration is ethical. According to Thompson, administrative ethics has to do with the â€Å"application of moral principles to the conduct of officials in organizations† (Thompson 458), in the context of public offices, â€Å"administrative ethics is a species of political ethics, which applies moral principles to political life more generally† (Thompson 458). Thompson goes ahead to show what moral principles define: The rights and duties that individuals should respect when they act in ways that seriously affect the well-being of other individuals and society; and the conditions that collective practices and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the well being of individuals and society. (Thompson 458) Thompson further argued that moral principles do not advocate for a particular interested perspective but rather advocates for the interest of every person. It is imperative that when an action is being taken it receives a general acceptance even by those who may have not taken part in the action. There are two challenges to administrative ethics: â€Å"the ethic of neutrality and the ethic of structure† (Thompson 458). According to the ethic of neutrality, administrators are neutral ethically in the sense that they execute the orders that are given to them by their superiors.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is argued that the orders to be executed do not come from the administrators and therefore the administrators are just used as tools hence the need to view them neutrally in the light of ethics. The principle of the ethic of neutrality argues that officials have a duty to serve the organizations they are leading such that those organizations will serve the society in turn. This principle acknowledges the fact that administrators more often than not have to use their judgment when making the policies. However, the administrators always have to make the policies in a manner that is inclined to the philosophies of the superiors. It is further argued that even if an administrator may differ in opinion with her or his superior, once the policy is formulated the administrator will only have the choice of implementing it. The proposals that have been brought up by the principle of the ethic of neutrality however have been confronted by criticism in three aspects. The first argument poin t is that the influence of an administrator in policy formulation is more than just implementing the superiors’ orders. Administrators have the potential of mobilizing huge support for formulation of policies and therefore they can determine the direction of a policy. The second argument is closely related to the third argument. In the second objection, opponents of this principle argue that there are many reasons that make it hard for an administrator to resign such that not resigning would not automatically imply that an administrator is in agreement with the way an organization is run. It is also pointed out against the principle of ethic that if all public officials who are not in agreement with the policies formulated in their organizations are to resign then the nation will experience a great loss of public service. Lastly, the principle of the ethic of neutrality is objected to because of the limitation it imposes on public administrators: obedience or resignation. The second challenge to administrative ethics is the ethic of structure. The ethic of structure advocates for the blame of a wrong committed to be on an organization or the government as a whole. According to this principle, public officials are only liable for the actions that they commit at the level of their own offices. For a person to take up blame then following criteria must be met: â€Å"That the person’s actions or omissions were a cause of the outcome; and that the person did not act in excusable ignorance or under compulsion† (Thompson 463). Are there any additional accountability mechanisms missing to strengthen accountability in your public agency? In my public office, accountability by each member is of a high priority. Each person accorded any responsibility has to take responsibility with a lot of seriousness. All the interns and any other person working at the agency are encouraged to always seek for clarifications and direction from group members or from superiors concerning projects they are carrying out. Every person in the agency is responsible for his or actions. There is free discussion among all the people working in the organization on issues affecting California. The public is at liberty to contact the organization and make suggestions on what they wish to have implemented. The general observation therefore is that the agency is not plagued with the administrative ethics challenges. The rational method of choice should be adopted by the agency to ensure that the process of policy formulation is in line with the public demands. There are other mechanisms which can be used to strengthen accountability in my public agency. One of them is hiring of a private firm to oversee the operations of the agency. In most cases private agencies are neutral and as a result they are likely to carry out their duties without any external influence. Encouraging transparency especially in regard to overtime practices will help to reduce abuse o f overtime provisions. Transparency can also cut across on how public resources are used. For instance, when agency cars are used, for instance, on private missions this should be brought book. Using of public resources for private purposed can be avoided when everything is kept transparent and available for scrutiny by the public eye. This should include the seemingly insignificant issues such as running errands. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce 2012, Foreign policy analysis and rational choice models. PDF file. Web. Kingdon, John. How Does an Ideas Time Come? Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: Prentice Hall, 1995. Print. Lindblom, Charles. Science of Muddling Through. New York: Prentice Hall, 1959. Print. Mosher, Frederick. Watergate: Implications for Responsible Government. New York: Prentice Hall, 1974. Print. Rational Choice 2012. Web. Thompson, Dennis. The Possibility of Administrative Ethics. New York: Prentice Hall, 1985. Print.

Do you act on Rumor or Respect Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do you act on Rumor or Respect Privacy - Essay Example The persisting problem prevailing in the work place concerns morality in the work place, and the degree at which the rumors should prevail in the work place. The employees of the biocides firm are against a married and competent married woman by the name Lilly Kropov, citing an affair with a prominent client to the company. The rumor spreads throughout the company’s workplace through grapevine to the management. The entire rumor emanates from a company’s janitor who alleges to have heard the two in a sexual encounter from the noises emanating from the office, one evening when he was switching on the lights (Cournoyer and Barry 152). The management should make a decision to curb the prevailing rumors and establish the proximity that such an act occurred in the workplace. According to the ethical code of conduct, an act of immorality is inconsistent and punishable. However, stories about the affair originate from unreliable sources and therefore it is hard to determine the reality of the whole story (Dunham-Taylor, et al 249). The company does not tolerate immorality in the workplace as that could ruin the corporate and public images. The management may find difficulty in ruling a case, so pressing on the company’s welfare, yet originating from untrustworthy sources that cannot establish clear evidence as to the occurrence of the event. The management should first scrutinize the events and the apparent reality that the accusations occurred. This would secure the management the opportunity to establish justice without bias and saving the organization from a stale of operations. The managers should realize that, all the accusations towards Lilly Kropov relayed through the informal channel of grapevine, which has a questionable reliability (Merrell, et al 254). Therefore, any decision against Lilly should halt as far as there is no clear and formal evidence as to the

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Personal Statement - Essay Example They feared that if they antagonized the majority white community in which the school was located, there would be a backlash. But I convinced them that such a racist comment, if went unquestioned, would lead to inner hostilities and would in the long run affect the very communal harmony that they were trying to preserve. And once the complaint was filed, I could suggest to the school authorities that the daughter (student of this school) of the accused parent had to be taken into confidence, as I knew that she was a very good-hearted girl. She in turn persuaded her father to apologize to my friend personally and in this manner, the issue was resolved peacefully, without any ill feelings and disturbing the communal peace. 2. Knowledge or creativity in a field: I have a very special interest in anthropology. I used to read, from a very early age, travel books that described different civilizations and geographical communities like mountain people, sea farers etc. It was Gulliver’s Travels (Swift) that inspired me into this taste for diversity in human life and behavior. When I grew up I started to acquire knowledge in the field of anthropology by reading books and later I started using internet. Though I am not academically following this area of study, lives of other people continue to fascinate me and I have a few friends among the scholars in this field who patiently answer my queries and doubts sent to them via email. I will describe my creativity as my ability to look at old things in a new way. It is my constant attempt to experience every moment of life as if it is the first moment in my life. For example, when I decided to make a video documentary on Native Indian community, I decided t o tell their history and story through their cuisine. I could in this manner, show how the changing environment forced them to

The Efficacy of Counseling with Native Americans Essay

The Efficacy of Counseling with Native Americans - Essay Example In this paper, an assessment of possibilities that contribute to certain observable counseling efficacy values among Native Americans is made. The challenges faced by this ethnic group will be used to create the link that counseling process seeks to establish in the discourse. Four questions attempting to answer issues touching on unique historical perspectives, counseling process complexities, cultural interaction issues and spirituality are used in the design. The research reveals that it’s necessary for therapists to consider Native American cultural history when establishing the counseling process. The research also details a number of specific actions that should be considered, including linguistic and body language elements that aid the counseling process. The counselors must also be aware of their own biases in relation to the client. Finally, it’s indicated that the incorporation of Native American spirituality could greatly aid the therapist in the counseling p rocess. The Efficacy of Counseling with Native Americans Introduction The context of Native Americans is created with an understanding of the ethnic group’s history and cultural setting. ... However, very little information is available regarding the Native American suffering at the hands of slave masters, when compared with the famous African slave trade. The sensitive developments that the political arena in the United States exposed this group to are still fresh in the memories of a majority of the Americans, which brings nasty reactions among them. Cases of rejection, neglect and discrimination from certain sections of their aggressors appear in the broader image of a Native American. For counseling clients with such a historical background, it becomes difficult to appreciate the impact of counseling in confronting such challenges, unless a bold journey is taken to discover such a past acting as an impediment to the counseling process. How do historical injustice and modern racial discrimination issues affect counseling processes among Native Americans? To shed more light on the tumultuous historical background that the Native Americans have had to experience would p erhaps facilitate an understanding that would assist therapists to carry out a comprehensive counseling process. As briefly observed above, scars of mistreatment in the hands of foreign aggression by the European-backed slave trade would perhaps act as one of the biggest hindrances to successful therapy. Due to a rich cultural heritage and traditional cohesion practices that bound this â€Å"minority† group, roots of bitter past must haunt them in the hands of public mistreatment and racial discrimination. According to Trabich (1997), there must be some form of remnant heritage that has facilitated passing on of old wounds to the current Native American community to bear witness of untold atrocities that were committed against them.

Herbert Croly :: Biographies Herbert Croly Journalism Essays

Herbert Croly At the turn of the 20th century, Herbert Croly – as far as the accelerating world was concerned – was a man without a name. Painfully shy and without many friends, he was admitted to Harvard in 1886 as one of 96 "special students" who would not be eligible for a degree. Perhaps the world should have realized he would one day be reckoned with when was given the former room of newspaperman William Randolph Hearst, who was expelled from Harvard a year before Croly entered its halls. But Croly remained aloof through his long stay at Harvard, which had more promising sons to look after. However, when in 1909 Croly published his first and most remembered book, The Promise of American Life, he was instantly recognized as a great political thinker. Eager to recognize him as one of its own, Harvard gave him his bachelor’s degree soon after the jubilant reviews were printed. Croly was born on Jan 23, 1869 and journalism was in his household, if not in his blood. His father, David Goodman Croly, immigrated to the United States from Ireland as a young boy and married Jane Cunningham, who journeyed to the states from England at age 12. Herbert Croly’s mother wrote for several newspapers under the name Jennie June and was an adamant feminist. Similarly, his father worked for several New York City newspapers and was a devout follower of the French philosopher Auguste Comte, a founder of sociology and positivism. In order to achieve progress, Comte created a Religion of Humanity that emphasized altruism and the destruction of organized religion. Comte’s teachings changed the way Herbert Croly looked at and envisioned life, but he did not devote himself to the Religion of Humanity. However, Croly’s belief that bureaucrats are good people who should be given enough power to improve the lives of their fellow citizens goes along with Comteâ₠¬â„¢s teachings. Croly admitted the dead Auguste Comte influenced how he envisioned living political systems. He wrote, "From my earliest years, it was his endeavor to teach me to understand and believe in the religion of Auguste Comte. Under such instruction it was not strange that in time I dropped instinctively into his mode of thinking."1 Still, there is no doubt that Croly’s positivism faded once he entered Harvard in 1886. He attended the school off-and-on, initially intending to become a philosophy teacher and taking classes with several notable professors, including William James, Josiah Royce and George Santayana.